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75 Cards in this Set

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  • Back

Name some differences between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

Euk: Membrane bound organelles


Reproduce sexually via meiosis


Have peptidoglycan in their cell wall



Pro: No membrane bound organelles


Reproduce asexually via mitosis

What are yeasts?

Single-celled fungi

What are molds?

Filamentous fungi

What are mushrooms?

The reproductive structures of some fungi

What is the study of mushrooms called?

Mycology

What does the cell wall of fungi contain?

Chitin

What is found in fungal membranes?

Ergosterol

What can fungi decompose?

Cellulose and lignin

How does fungi help the environment? Hurt?

Help: Releases nitrogen compounds into the soil


Hurt: Releases CO2

Define Saprophytic.

An organism that gets its nutrients from dead or decaying matter.

Name the four fungi phylums.

1. Chytrids


2. Zygomycetes


3. Ascomycetes


4. Basidiomycetes

What are some characteristics of chytrids?

They usually live in water


They are the only fungi with motile forms

What are some characteristics of Zygomycetes?

They have reproductive structures called sporangia

What are some characteristics of Ascomycetes?

Biggest phylum


"Sac fungi"


Includes pathogens, morels, truffles, and lichens

What are some characteristics of Basidiomycetes?

"Club fungi"


Includes mushrooms and plant parasites

What are fungi composed of?

Hyphae

What is a group of hyphae called?

Mycelium

What is the purpose of hyphae?

Hyphae grow toward a food source and grows in the openings of cells to get nutrients. Also, their high surface to volume ratio aids nutrient support.

What kind of environment makes fungi most successful?

Moist environments

What kind of hyphae do parasitic fungi have and what does it do?

Haustoria, protrude into the host cell.

What kind of hyphae do saprophytic fungi have and what does it do?

Rhizoids, anchor fungi to its substrate

Define a dimorphic fungi.

Fungi that can exist as a single yeast cell or multicellular mycelia.

What are lichens and how do they work?

Symbiotic association between a fungus and a photosynthesizer.



Fungus protects, absorbs water, and provides nutrients for the plant.

Define mychorrhizas and how it works.

A symbiotic relationship between a fungi and a plant root.



Hyphae supplies the plant with water, minerals nitrogen and phosphorous.

Explain the relationship between the leaf-cutting ants and fungal gardens.

Ants cut up plants and take the plant to the fungal gardens where fungi digest the plant material and release a sugary substance that is eaten by the ants.

What is a spore?

A reproductive cell formed asexually or sexually.

What are asexual spore called?

Conidia or Sporangiospores in the Zygomycetes Phylum

What are spores housed in?

Asci or Sporangia in the Phylum Zygomycetes

How does reproduction in fungi occur? (3)

1. Fusion of hyphae from two different mating types, which gives a dikaryon.


2. Nuclei in dikaryon fuse


3. New cell undergoes meiosis forming haploid spores

Define dikaryon.

Cell with two nuclei

How do yeasts reproduce?

Through mitosis and budding

How do molds reproduce?

By gragmentation

What is an economic importance of Fungi?

Used in antimicrobial medicines like penicillin


and used to make insulin.

What are the three routes fungi cause human illnesses?

1. Allergic reaction


2. Fungus grows in/on body and causes mycosis


3. Fungus produces toxins

What are protists?

Simple photosynthetic eukaryotes

What are the 6 groups of algae?

1. Green


2. Brown


3. Red


4. Diatoms


5. Dinoflagellates


6. Euglenids

What do all algae contain?

Chloroplasts


Chlorophyll


Cellulose

What is the difference between Red and Brown Algae?

Red algae has agar


Brown algae has alginic acid

What is the name of an algae that creates biflagellated cells?

Volvox

What are diatoms mined for? and how?

Mined for diatomaceous earth.


Diatoms incorporate silicon dioxide into cell wells.

What is the main site of photosynthesis in Algae?

The blades.

What is the medical importance of Algae and name an example?

Indirectly cause human disease through toxins.


Example: Red Tides which are caused by fertilizer runoff and untreated sewage into water supplies (algal blooms).

Name the types of Protozoa.

1. Apicomplexans


2. Diplolomonads


3. Parabasalids


4. Kinetoplastids


5. Loboseans


6. Heteroloboseans

What are Apicomplexans? Example?

Parasites with apical complex at one end which helps penetrates the membrane of host cells



Example: Plasmodium causes malaria

What are Diplolomonads? Example?

Flagellated protists lacking mitochondria that reproduce asexually and have two nuclei.



Example: Giardia causes diarrhea

What are Parabasalids? Example?

Protozans that live within their host.



Example: Trichomonas vaginalis is an STD

What does the enzyme Hydrogenosome do?

Produces ATP while generating hydrogen

What are Kinetoplastids? Example?

Have at least one flagellum



Example: Trypanosoma brucei causes African sleeping sickness

What are Loboseans? Example?

Ameboid (flexible) body form that extends and retracts pseudopodia that engulfs food particles by phagocytosis



Example: Entamoeba histolytica causes diarrhea

What are Heteroloboseans? Example?

Ameboid body form that forms flagellated cells



Example: Naegleria fowleri eats hosts brain

What are two types of polymorphic protozoans?

1. Trophozoite (Vegetative or feeding form)


2. Cyst (Resting form)

What are the two ways in which protozoa reproduce?

1. Bianary fission


2. Schizogony (multiple fission)

Why would a protozoan exist as a cyst over a trophozoite?

There is a lack of nutrients, moisture, oxygen, low temperature, or chemicals in the environment.

What are slime molds?

Organisms that are composed of ameboid cells that live on soil, leaf litter, and decaying vegetation.

What are the two types of slime molds?

1. Cellular


2. Plasmodial

What is a cellular mold?

Single ameba-like form

What does a cellular mold turn into when food runs out?

Into a slug

What is a plasmodial slime mold?

A large multinuclated super amoeba

What happens to a plasmodial slime mold when food runs out?

It grows a spore-bearing fruit body

What class are water molds in?

Oomycetes

What are water molds?

They secrete digestive enzymes onto the substrate forming masses of white threads on decaying material.

What are the three types of helminths?

1. Nematodes (roundworms)


2. Cestodes (tapeworms)


3. Trematodes (flukes)

What do helminths do?

Invade host tissue and rob the host of their nutrients

Who are helminths hosts?

They have many intermediate hosts and their definitive host is humans.

What are the roundworms way of infection?

1. Worm eggs are ingested


2. Eggs hatch in intestine and are carried to the lungs through capillaries


3. Eggs are coughed up and swallowed


4. In the intestine, the larvae hatch into adult worms


5. Eggs are released into the feces

How do tapeworms infect?

Their scolex (head) attaches onto the intestines the proglottidis (tail) and the proglottis breaks off and is eliminated in the feces which contains eggs.

How do flukes infect?

Penetrate the skin of human and enters blood vessels and the eggs are released in the intestines where the eggs are excreted with the feces.

What are the two ways arthropods transmit pathogens?

1. Mechanical


2. Biological

How does the mechanical pathway work?

Transfer pathogens from one surface to another

How does the biological pathway work?

The arthropod bites you spreading the disease

How do mosquitoes infect hosts?

Insert a feeding tube through the skin transferring infectious agents

How do fleas infect hosts?

They bite their host passing bacteria. That bacteria multiplies and blocks the digestive tract.

How do lice infect hosts?

They suck blood through the skin and transmits many bacterial diseases

How do ticks infect hosts?

Burrow into the skin of the host with its mouthparts

How do mites infect hosts?

Attach and feeds on fluids within skin and causes intense itching, but do not transmit disease, but can trigger asthma.