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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A cell in neural tissue that is specialized for intercellular communication through (1) changes in membrane potential and (2) synaptic connections. |
Neuron |
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Cells of the central nervous system peripheral nervous system that support and protect neurons; also called glial cells |
Neuroglia |
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The brain and spinal cord |
(CNS) central nervous system |
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All neural tissue outside the central nervous system |
(PNS) peripheral nervous system |
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Peripheral nerves originating at the brain |
Cranial nerves |
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One of 31 pairs of nerves that oriinate on the spinal cord from anterior and posterior roots |
Spinal nerve |
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Another word for peripheral nerves |
Nerves |
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A division in the PNS that brings sensory information to the CNS from receptors in peripheral tissues and organs. |
Afferent division |
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Sensory structures that either detect changes in the environment (internal or external) or respond to specific stimuli. |
Receptors |
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A division in the PNS that carries motor commands from the CNS to muscles, glands, and adipose tissue. |
Efferent division |
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These are the target organs that respond to motor commands by doing something |
Effectors |
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The efferent division of the nervous system that innervates skeletal muscles |
(SNS) somatic nervous system |
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A rapid, automatic response to a stimulus |
Reflex |
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Centers, nuclei, tracts, ganglia, and nerves involved in the unconscious regulation of visceral functions: includes components of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system |
(ANS) autonomic nervous system |
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The body of a neuron: also called soma |
Cell body |
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The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus in the cell body of a a neuron |
Perikaryon |
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Microfilaments in the cytoplasm of a neuron |
Neurofilaments |
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Microtbules in the cytoplasm of a neuron |
Neurotubules |
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Microfibrils in the cytoplasm of a neuron |
Neurofibrils |
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A sensory process of a neuron |
Dendrite |
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The elongated extension of a neuron that conducts an action potential |
Axon |
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The cytoplasm within an axon |
Axoplasm |
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The plasma membrane of an axon, continuous with the plasma membrane of the cell body and dendrites and distinct from any neuroglial coverings |
Axolemma |
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In a multipolar neuron, the base of the axon |
Initial segment |
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In a multipolar neuron, the portion of the cell body adjacent to the initial segment |
Axon hillock |
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Branches produced along the length of the axon |
Collaterals |
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Terminal axonal branches that end in axon terminals |
Telodendria |
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The site communication between a nerve cell and some other cell; if the other cell is not a neuron, the term neuromuscular junction or neuroglandular junction is often used |
Synapse |
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A chemical compound released by one neuron the membrane potential of another |
Neurotransmitter |
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A synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell |
Neuromuscular junction |
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Where a neuron controls or regulates the activity of a secretory (gland) cell |
Neuroglandular junction |
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The synaptic surface where neurotransmitter release occurs |
Presynaptic membrane |
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The synaptic surface where neurotransmitter release occurs |
Presynaptic membrane |
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The movement of materials between the cell body and axon terminals |
Axoplasmic Transport |
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Neurons that are small and have numerous dendrites, but no axon. |
Anaxonic neurons |
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Neurons that have two distinct processes - one dendrite that branches extensively into dendritic branches at its distal tip, and one axon - with the cell body between the two. |
Bipolar neurons |
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A sensory neuron whose cell body is in a dorsal root ganglion or a sensory ganglion of a cranial nerve. |
Unipolar neuron |
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A neuron with many dendrites and a single axon; the typical form of a motor neuron |
Multipolar neuron |
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Afferent neurons that form the afferent division of the PNS |
Sensory neurons |
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A collection of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system |
Ganglion/ganglia |
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An axon that carries sensory information to the central nervous system |
Afferent fiber |
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Neurons that monitor the outside world and our position within it |
Somatic sensory neurons |
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Neurons that monitor internal conditions and the status of other organ systems |
Visceral sensory neurons |
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Monitor the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, and reproductive systems and provide sensations of distension (stretch), deep pressure, and pain |
Interoceptors |
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Provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, temperature, or pressure sensations and the more complex senses of taste, smell, sight, equilibrium (balance), and hearing |
Exteroceptors |
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Monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints |
Proprioceptors |
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Efferent neurons that form the efferent division of the PNS. |
Motor neurons |
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Axons traveling away from the CNS |
efferent fibers |
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Neurons in the somatic nervous system that innervate skeletal muscles |
Somatic motor neurons |
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Innervate all peripheral effectors other than skeletal muscles - that is, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands, and adipose tissue throughout the body |
Visceral motor neurons |
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Distribute sensory information and coordinate motor activity. |
Interneurons |
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Fluid bathing the internal and external surfaces of the central nervous system; secreted by the choroid plexus |
(CSF) Cerebrospinal Fluid |
