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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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action-outcome
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when there is a casual relationship between the action and the reward.
go bungee jumping, get an adrenaline rush |
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action-outcome decision
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a decision that involves some form of evaluation (not necessarily conscious) of the expected results.
give someone money because it looks good, but do it consciously because you wanted to be kind |
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anterior cingulate cortex
ant-er-ior cing-u-late |
anterior portion of the cingulate cortex, located below the frontal lobe along the medial surface.
This region is characterized by a primitive cytoarchitecture (three-layered cortex) and is part of the interface between the frontal lobe and the limbic system. Is implicated in various executive functions, such as response monitoring, error detection, and attention. learning to use a bow and arrow |
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cognitive control
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processes that facilitate information processing. control operations are thought to help coordinate activity across different neural regions;
for example, representation of a current goal in the prefrontal cortex can help control the retrieval of information in long-term memory. wow! brain knows its for a test on monday, knowns until how long to keep information? |
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delayed-response task
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A task in which the correct response must be produced after a delay period of several seconds. Such tasks require operation of working memory as the subject (animal/person) has to maintain record of stimulus information during the delay period.
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descriptive decision theory
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theories that attempt to describe what people actually do, not what they should do
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dopamine
dopa-mine |
an organic chemical amine that in the brain, functions as a neurotransmitter. It is made from L-DOPA, by removing a carboxyl group
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dynamic filtering
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the hypothesis that a key component of working memory involves selection of information that is most relevant, given current task demands. This selection is thought to be accomplished through the filtering, or exclusion of potentially interfering and irrelevant information.
when one stage, working memory needs to pull up correct dance moves and filter through old dance routines |
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error-related negativity (ERN)
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an electrical signal that is derived from the EEG record following as erroneous response. The ERN is seen as prominent negative deflection in the ERP, and it is hypothesized to originate in the anterior cingulate.
negative response for a wrong response found in the anterior cingulate. |
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frontal pole (FP)
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the most anterior part of the prefrontal cortex, including area 10 and parts of area 9. Is hypothesized to play a critical role in the hierarchical representation of action goals.
concept of action, action broken down into parts, etc |
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goal-oriented action
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actions that are planned and produced to achieve a particular result. It is in the opposite to more habitually or stimulus driven behavior and are strongly under the control of reinforcement.
if desired result achieved, the action will be reinforced. Conscious action, opposed to unconscious habitual action |
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gaol-oriented behavior
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behavior that allows us to interact with the world in a purposeful manner.
Goals reflect the intersection of our internal desires and drives, coupled with the current environmental context. |
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habit
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a response that is under stimulus control. Habits are formally defined as behaviors that occur independently of reinforcement. For example, if a reward is no longer given to the stimulus, the persistent response is referred to as a habit.
Get the mocha freddo everyday even though it is not tasty anymore. End up getting it without even thinking of stopping yourself. |
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inhibitory control
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the hypothesis that one aspect of executive functions is the regulation of habitual responses or environmentally dictated actions by active inhibition. A loss of inhibitory control is assumed to underlie the tendency of some patients with prefrontal lesions to produce socially inappropriate behavior.
this control keeps us doing 'normal' things and following our habits without conscious control |
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lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC)
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region of the cerebral cortex that lies anterior to Brodmann area 6, along the lateral surface and has been implicated in various executive functions, such as working memory and response selection.
uses working memory to decide which answer is right. |
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medial frontal cortex (MFC)
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medial region of the frontal cortex that includes parts of areas 24,32 and inferior aspects of 6 and 8 and is associated with cognitive control- in particular, monitoring functions for error detection and resolving conflict.
in a fight, realize you are wrong, and apologize for your fault |
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mesocortical pathway
meso-cort-ical |
a path through which dopaminergic projections travel to reach the neocortex
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monitoring
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executive function associated with evaluating whether current representations and/or actions are conducive to the achievement of current goals. Errors can be avoided or corrected by the monitoring system. One of the hypothesized operations of the supervisory attentional system.
keeps track, like journal, if actions will produce desired goals |
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normative decision theory
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a theory of how actions are selected in which the basic premise is that the agent makes the optimal choice, having considered the possible rewards and costs associated with each option.
look through a normal catalog and read each one before choosing your christmas cookies |
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nucleus accumbens
nuc-le-us ac-cum-bens |
the ventral part of the striatum, one of the nuclei of the basal ganglia.
is associated with the rewards system of the brain, showing changes in activity in response to both primary and secondary reinforcers. external reward is not truly the reward. the true reward is the response the brian activity in the reward network create for the being you want to acquire more rewards - accumbens |
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orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
orbito-frontal |
region in the frontal lobe, located above the orbit of the eyes that is implicated in a range of functions, including perceptual processes associated with olfaction and taste as well as those associated with monitoring whether one's behavior is appropriate
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perseveration
per-sev-er-a-tion |
tendency to produce a particular response on successive trials, even when the context has changed such that the response is no longer appropriate. Commonly observed in patients with prefrontal damage, perseveration is thought to reflect a loss of inhibitory control.
negative event when inappropriate response comes up after brain damage. Keep turing on the tv, when there is no remote in hands |
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prediction error (PE)
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theoretical construct in theories of reinforcement learning that is defined as the difference between an expected and actual outcome or reward.
If the reward is greater than expected, a positive prediction occurs which can be used to increase the likelihood of the behavior. If the reward is less than expected, the negative prediction can be used to decrease the likelihood of the behavior. |
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prefrontal cortex (PFC)
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a region of cortex that takes part in the higher aspects of motor control and planning and execution of behavior. especially of tasks that require the integration of information over time and thus mandate the involvement of working memory mechanics.
made up of three main regions; dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and medial frontal regions and the orbitofrontal cortex |
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primary reinforcer
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a reward or outcome that has a direct benefit for survival. The classic examples are food, water, and sex, since without these, the individual or the species would not survive
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recency memory
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memory for the temporal order of previous events. Recency memories is a form of episodic memory in that it involves remembering when a specific event took place. Patients with prefrontal lesions do poorly on tests recency memory, even though their long-term memory is relatively intact
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response conflict
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situation in which more than one response is activated, usually because of some ambiguity in the stimulus information. It has been hypothesized that the anterior cingulate monitors the level of response conflict and modulates processing in active systems when conflict is high.
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secondary reinforcer
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rewards that do not have intrinsic or direct value, but have acquired their desirability as part of social and cultural norms. Money and social status are important secondary reinforcers.
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striatum
stri-a-tum |
one of the nuclei of the basal ganglia. Is the main receiving zone of the basal ganglia, receiving extensive inputs from the cerebral cortex and other subcortical structures. The striatum in humans is composed of the caudate and putamen nuclei.
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stimulus-response decision
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behavior in which the response is tightly linked to the stimulus, usually through extensive experence- like a habit
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supervisory attentional system (SAS)
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the psychological model used to explain how response selection is achieved in a flexible manner. Without the SAS, behavior is dictated by context, with the selected action being the one that has been produced most often in the current context- like a programmed robot
SAS allows for flexible behavior by BIASING certain actions based on current goals or helping to determine actions in unfamiliar situations. |
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utilization behavior
util-i-za-tion |
an extreme dependency on the prototypical use of an object without regard for its use in a particular context.
know knowledge, lack qualia |
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value
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abstract entity referring to the overall preference given to a stimulus or action.
value is assumed to reflect the combination of a number of different attributes such as how much reward will be received, the likelihood of that reward, and the efforts and costs required to achieve the reward. |
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ventral tegmental area
ven-tral teg-mental |
part of the dopamine system. dopagminergic neurons originating here project through either the MESOLIMBIC pathway, or the MESOCORITICAL pathway
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working memory
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transient representations of task-relevant information. these representations may be related to information that has just been activated from long-term memory or something recently experienced.
Representations in working memory guide behavior in the present, constituting what has been called, 'the blackboard of the mind.' -blackboard that shows past experience, and knowledge to guide present behavior. |
