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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental psychology
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The psychological speciality that documents the course of social, emotional, moral, and intellectual development over the life span.
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Maturation
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Refers to natural growth or change that unfolds in a fixed sequence relatively independent of the environment
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Zygote
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A new cell formed from a father's sperm and a mother's ovum
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Embryo
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The developing individual from the fourteenth day after fertilization until the end of the second month after conception
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Fetus
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The developing individual from the third moth after conception until birth
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Teratogens
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Harmful substances that can cause birth defects
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Critical period
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refers to an interval during which certain kinds of growth must occur if development is to proceed normally
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Fetal alcohol syndrom
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A patter pf physical and mental defects found in babies born to women who abused alcohol during pregnancy
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Reflexes
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Simple, involuntary, unlearned behavior directed by the spinal cord without instructions from the brain
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Schemas
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Generalizations based on experience that form basic units of knowledge
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Assimilation
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The process of trying out existing schemas on objects that fit those schemas
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Accommodation
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The process of modifying schemas when familiar schemas do not work
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Sensorimotor stage
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The first of Piaget's stages of cognitive development, when the infant's mental activity is confined to sensory perception and motor skills
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Object permanence
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The knowledge that objects exist even when they are not in view
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Pre-operational stage
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Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, during which children begin to use symbols to represent things that are not present
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Conservation
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The ability to recognize that the important properties of a substance remain constant despite changes in shape, length, or position
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Concrete operations
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Piaget's third stage of cognitive development; during which children's thinking is no longer dominated by visual appearances
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Foral operational stage
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Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development;usually beginning around age 11, when abstract thinking first appears
During this stage children can think and reason about abstract concepts and generate hypotheses and think logically |
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Information processing
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The process of taking in,remembering or forgetting and using information
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Temperament
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An individual's basic disposition, which is evident from infancy
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Attachment
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Deep ad enduring relationship which a caregiver or other person with whom a baby has shared many early experiences
For a "secure attachment" to develop, the caregiver must not only provide adequate consistent care, but must also be loving, supportive, helpful, sensitive, and responsive. If the care is inadequate or the relationship is distant the child may develop an "anxious insecure attachment" |
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Attachment theory
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The idea that children form a close attachment to their earliest caregivers and that this attachment pattern can affect aspects of children's later life
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Attachment Behavior
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Refers to actions such as crying,smiling,vocalizing, and gesturing that help bring an infant into closer proximity to its caretaker
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Socialization
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Process by which parent's,teachers, and others teach children the skills and social norms necessary to be well-functioning members of society
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Parenting styles
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The varying patterns of behavior that parents display as they interact with and discipline their children
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Authoritarian Parents
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Firm, punitive, and unsympathetic parents who value obedience from the child and authority for themselves
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Permissive parents
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Parents who give their children freedom and lax discipline
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Authoritative Parents
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Parents who reason with the child, encourage give-and-take, and are firm but understanding
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Uninvolved(rejecting-neglecting) parents
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Parents who are indifferent to their children
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Self-Regulation
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The ability to control one's emotions and behaviors
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Gender roles
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Patterns of work, appearance, and behavior that a society associates with being male or female
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Gender schemas
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The generalizations children develop about what toys, activities, and occupations are appropriate for males and for females
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Resilience
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A quality allowing children to develop normally in spite of severe environmental risk factors
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Puberty
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The condition of being able, for the first time, to reproduce
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Ethnic identity
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The part of a person's identity associated with the racial, religious, or cultural rules that guide social interactions in society
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Pre-conventional moral reasoning
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Moral reasoning that is not yet based on the conventions or rules that guide social interactions in society
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Moral development
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Refers to the growth of an individuals understanding of the concepts of right and wrong
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Conventional moral reasoning
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Moral reasoning that reflects the belief that mortality consists of following rules and conventions
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Post-conventional moral reasoning
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Moral reasoning in which judgements are based on personal standards or universal principles of justice,equality, and respect for human life
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Identity crisis
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A phase during which an adolescent attempts to develop an integrated self-image
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Menopause
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The process whereby a woman's reproductive capacity ceases
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Generativity
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Refers to adult concerns about producing something that may be of benefit to others in the future
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Terminal drop
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A sharp decline in mental functioning that tends to occur in late adulthood, a few months or years before death
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