Chapter 12

Front 1

adrenal glands

Back 1

situated on top of the kidneys and consist of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

Front 2

adrenal cortex

Back 2

produces adrenocortical steroids; determines which genes are transcribed in the nuclei of their target cells and at what particular rate

Front 3

glucocorticoids

Back 3

cortisol & cortisone; glucose regulation and protein metabolism; raise blood glucose levels by promoting protein breakdown and gluconeogenesis and decreasing protein synthesis; antagonistic to effects of insulin

Front 4

mineralocorticoids

Back 4

aldosterone; regulate plasma levels of sodium and potassium and total extracellular water volume

Front 5

aldosterone

Back 5

causes active reabsorption of sodium and passive reabsorption of water in the nephron of the kidney; increase in blood volume and pressure;hypertension

Front 6

cortical sex hormones

Back 6

secretes androgens (male sex hormones)

Front 7

adrenal medulla

Back 7

produces epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 8

epinephrine

Back 8

increases conversion of glycogen to glucose in liver and muscle tissue, causing an increase in blood glucose levels and an increase in the basal metabolic rate

Front 9

pituitary gland

Back 9

hypophysis; small, tri-lobed gland lying at base of brain

Front 10

infundibulum

Back 10

slender cord connecting hypothalamus and pituitary gland

Front 11

anterior pituitary

Back 11

synthesizes direct hormones and tropic hormones; regulated by hypothalamic secretions called releasing/inhibiting factors

Front 12

direct hormones

Back 12

directly stimulate target organs
1. growth hormone
2. prolactin

Front 13

growth hormone

Back 13

promotes bone and muscle growth; promotes protein and lipid synthesis

Front 14

prolactin

Back 14

stimulates milk production and secretion in female mammary glands

Front 15

tropic hormones

Back 15

stimulate other endocrine glands to release hormones
1. ACTH
2. TSH
3. LH
4. FSH
5. MSH
6. Endorphins

Front 16

ACTH

Back 16

adrenocorticotropic hormone; stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize & secrete glucocorticoids and is regulated by releasing hormone corticotrophin releasing factor

Front 17

TSH

Back 17

thyroid stimulating hormone; stimulates thyroid gland to synthesize and release thyroid hormones

Front 18

LH

Back 18

luteiniizng hormone; in women, stimulates ovulation & formation of corpus luteum; progesterone secretion in women & testosterone in men

Front 19

FSH

Back 19

follicle stimulating hormone; maturation of ovarian follicles that begin secreting estrogen; maturation of seminiferous tubules

Front 20

endorphins

Back 20

neurotransmitters that have pain relieving properties

Front 21

posterior pituitary

Back 21

neurohypophysis; does not synthesize hormones; stores and releases oxytocin and ADH

Front 22

oxytocin

Back 22

secreted during childbirth; increases strength of uterine muscle contractions

Front 23

ADH

Back 23

antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin; increases permeability of nephron's collecting duct to water, promoting water reabsorption & increasing blood volume, which increases blood pressure

Front 24

hypothalamus

Back 24

part of forebrain & directly above pituitary gland

Front 25

hypothyroidism

Back 25

thyroid hormones are undersecreted or not secreted at all; slowed heart rate, weight gain; cretinism

Front 26

hyperthyroidism

Back 26

thyroid is overstimulated; weight loss, increased metabolic rate

Front 27

calcitonin

Back 27

decreases Ca2+ concrentration by inhibiting release from bone; antagonistic to parathyroid hormone

Front 28

exocrine function of pancreas

Back 28

performed by cells that secrete digestive enzymes into small intestine

Front 29

endocrine function of pancreas

Back 29

performed by islets of Langerhans

Front 30

alpha cells

Back 30

secrete glucagon

Front 31

beta cells

Back 31

produce and secrete insulin

Front 32

glucagon

Back 32

stimulates protein and fat degradation, conversion of glycogen to glucose, and gluconeogenesis which increase blood glucose leves

Front 33

insulin

Back 33

secreted in response to high blood glucose concentration; stimulates uptake of glucose by muscle and storage of glucose as glycogen

Front 34

parathyroid glands

Back 34

4 structures embedded in posterior surface of thyroid; regulates plasma Ca2+ concentration

Front 35

pineal gland

Back 35

at base of brain; secretes melatonin; circadian rhythms

Front 36

peptides

Back 36

bind to specific receptors on the surface of target cells to trigger series of enzymatic reactions within each cell; cascade effect; hormones effects are amplified

Front 37

steroids

Back 37

lipid derived molecules with characteristic ring structure; produced by testes, ovaries, placenta, adrenal cortex; enter target cells directly

Front 38

auxins

Back 38

responsible to phototropism

Front 39

phototropism

Back 39

tendency of shoots of plants to bend toward light sources

Front 40

geotropism

Back 40

growth of portions of plants toward or away from gravity

Front 41

negative geotropism

Back 41

causes shoots to grow upward away from acceleration of gravity

Front 42

positive geotropism

Back 42

causes roots to grow toward pull of gravity

Front 43

gibberellins

Back 43

stimulate rapid stem elongation; inhibit formation of new roots and stimulate production of new phloem cells by cambium; terminate dormancy of seeds and buds

Front 44

kinins

Back 44

promote cell division

Front 45

ethylene

Back 45

stimulates fruit ripening, induces senescence or aging

Front 46

inhibitors

Back 46

block cell division; growth regulation; maintenance of dormancy in lateral buds and seeds during fall and winter; abscisic acid

Front 47

antiauxins

Back 47

regulate activity of auxins