Chapter 11: Urology

Front 1

dia-

Back 1

through (passing)

Front 2

-cele

Back 2

herniation

Front 3

cyst/o

Back 3

bladder

Front 4

-ectasis

Back 4

enlarging

Front 5

lith/o

Back 5

stones

Front 6

-lysis

Back 6

destroying

Front 7

nephro

Back 7

kidney

Front 8

-pexy

Back 8

surgical fixation

Front 9

-tripsy

Back 9

crushing

Front 10

-uria

Back 10

urination

Front 11

retroperitoneally

Back 11

behind peritonal cavity

Front 12

hormone that produces new blood cells and regulates blood pressure

Back 12

Renin

Front 13

stimulate bone marrow to produce more rbc’s

Back 13

erythropoietin

Front 14

Outer rim containing nephrons

Back 14

Renal cortex

Front 15

Inner region, collects urine

Back 15

Medulla

Front 16

Funnel-shaped reservoir that passes urine to ureter

Back 16

Renal Pelvis

Front 17

Microscopic structures produce urine by filtration, re-absorption and secretion

Considered functional unit of kidney

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Nephron

Front 18

Small blood capillaries (formation of urine begins here with process of filtering blood)

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Glomerulus

Front 19

Receive urine from kidneys and transports it to bladder

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Ureters

Front 20

Urine passes from bladder to outside of body through meatus

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Urethra

Front 21

Hollow, expandable, muscular organ which holds urine temporarily

Rugae = mucous membrane folds that allow this to expand

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Bladder

Front 22

gives yellow color to urine

Back 22

Urochrome

Front 23

control urine flow

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Urinary sphincters

Front 24

external opening

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Urethral meatus

Front 25

Any condition that causes glomerula walls to become inflamed; slowly destroys renal function

Strep usually causes condition
- Most recover with no residual damage

Protein, blood or both in urine are first signs of disease

Acute condition is common in children/ adolescents

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Glomerulonephritis

Front 26

Chronic dilation of renal pelvis which obstructs urine flow

Usually affects right kidney

Undetected for long time which may cause permanent damage

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Hydronephrosis

Front 27

Abnormal mineral deposits that solidify and block urine from flowing forward, causing renal pelvis and tubules to dilate

Assoc with decreased fluid intake

Symptoms: severe pain, nausea, vomiting, hematuria and renal colic

Kidney stones composed of uric acid or calcium salts; treated by ultrasound
- Affect men more often

Common locations of renal calculi

Treatment: lithotripsy

Back 27

Nephrolithiasis (renal calculi)

Front 28

are needed only if a stone is causing constant pain, blocking the flow of urine, causing an ongoing urinary tract infection, damaging the kidney, or if it is not passing on its own

ultrasound crushing of stone

Back 28

lithotripsy

Front 29

Pus in kidney

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Nephropyosis

Front 30

formation of pus

Back 30

Suppuration

Front 31

Inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney
Consequence of bladder infection that has ascended to kidney via ureters; more common in females

Back 31

Pyelonephritis

Front 32

Occurs in children, arising from residual embryonic tissue
- Malignant tumor of kidney

Approx 500 cases diagnosed per year

Very treatable

Back 32

Wilm’s tumor

Front 33

Inability to regulate water/chemicals or to remove waste products from blood due to damaged nephrons

Diabetes and Hypertension also increase risk

Back 33

Renal Failure

Front 34

No urination

Back 34

Anuria

Front 35

Toxic condition of excessive amount of waste products in blood stream

Back 35

Uremia

Front 36

Sudden onset characterized by uremia, oliguria

Possible causes: drop in bp or blood volume, drugs/poisons, injury

May be reversed if not severe

Back 36

Acute renal failure (ARF)

Front 37

Progressive, gradual reduction of kidney function

Higher risk of dying from stroke or heart attack

Possible causes: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, kidney disease

Back 37

Chronic renal failure

Front 38

Late stages of chronic renal failure

Irreversible loss of function in both kidneys

Back 38

End-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Front 39

Female = meatus is located near clitoris

Male = meatus is located on upper surface of penis instead of tip

Back 39

Epispadias

Front 40

Meatus is located on underside of penis instead of tip

Back 40

Hypospadias

Front 41

Increased excretion of urination

Back 41

Diuresis (diuretics)

Front 42

Painful urination

Assoc w/ UTI’s

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Dysuria

Front 43

Involuntary urination

Back 43

Enuresis

Front 44

Excessive night urination

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Nocturia

Front 45

Inability to initiate normal stream of urine

Blockage or urethra, UTI, enlarged prostate

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Hesitancy

Front 46

Excessive urination

Back 46

Polyuria

Front 47

Difficulty starting urination
Assoc w/ enlarged prostate gland

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Urinary hesitancy

Front 48

Inability to urinate

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Urinary retention

Front 49

“floating kidney”; downward displacement

Back 49

Nephroptosis

Front 50

Genetic

Kidneys become enlarged due to multiple cysts that obliterate the nephrons, causing kidney failure

Back 50

Polycystic kidney disease

Front 51

Blood test measuring amount of urea nitrogen in blood

Determines kidney function – increased levels indicate renal dysfunction, dehydration or heart failure

Back 51

BUN (blood urea nitrogen)

Front 52

Blood test measuring creatinine (waste product in blood created by normal breakdown of muscle cells during activity)

Elevated amount indicates impaired kidney function

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Creatinine

Front 53

Studies content for abnormal substances such as protein or signs of infection

First indication of diabetes, liver or gallbladder disease

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Urinalysis

Front 54

blood protein

possible cause inflammation or malfunction of nephron causing edema

Back 54

Albumin

Front 55

glucose in urine

possible cause: diabetes mellitus

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Glycosuria

Front 56

possible cause bladder infection

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Alkaline

Front 57

possible cause kidney disease

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Casts

Front 58

Iodine is injected into vein as contrast medium to define kidneys and ureters clearly

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Intravenous pyelography (IVP)

Front 59

X-ray of abdomen to determine size, shape and location of kidneys and bladder

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Kidneys, ureters, bladder (KUB)

Front 60

Procedure to remove waste products from blood

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Dialysis

Front 61

Shunt placed in arm for arterial blood to be filtered by machine; clean blood is returned

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Hemodialysis

Front 62

Peritoneal cavity acts as filter to remove waste products

Fluid is inserted into abdomen to capture waste products from blood and then drained

Used for renal failure or poisonings

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Peritoneal dialysis

Front 63

Catheter through urethra into bladder

Incontinence, diagnostic procedure or to place fluid into bladder (chemotherapy)

Back 63

Catheterization

Front 64

Visual exam of bladder

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Cystoscopy

Front 65

Surgical removal of stone through incision into kidney

Back 65

Nephrolithotomy

Front 66

Correct kidney that is abnormally low

Back 66

Nephropexy