Chapter 11 (Test 3)

Front 1

Personality

Back 1

An individual's consistent patterns of feelings, thinking, and behaviors.

Front 2

Phrenology

Back 2

Science of the special functions of the several parts of the brain, or of the supposed connection between the faculties of the mind and organs in the brain.

Front 3

Somatology

Back 3

Based on the idea that we could determine personality from people's body types.
-Discredited from modern psychology

Front 4

Physiognomy

Back 4

Idea that it is possible to assess personality from facial characteristics.
-More likely to tell if someone is gay/republican/democratic from their faces.

Front 5

Traits

Back 5

Relatively enduring characteristics that influence our behaviors across many situations.
-Personality traits such as friendliness help explain consistencies in behavior

Front 6

Five-Factor (Big Five) Model of personality

Back 6

There are five fundamental underlying trait dimensions that are stable across time, cross-culturally shared, and explain a substantial proportion of behavior.

Front 7

Openness to experience
Five-Factor (Big Five) Model of personality

Back 7

General appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience.
-Open to experiences

Front 8

Conscientiousness

Back 8

Tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, aim for achievement.
-Preference for plans

Front 9

Extroversion

Back 9

Tendency to experience positive emotions and to seek out stimulation and the company of others.
-Being with people rather than being alone

Front 10

Agreeableness

Back 10

Tendency to be compassionate and cooperative.

Front 11

Neuroticism

Back 11

Tendency to experience negative emotions such as anger, anxiety, or depression
-Sometimes called "emotional instability"

Front 12

Barnum effect

Back 12

Observation that people tend to believe in descriptions of their personality that supposedly are descriptive of them but could in fact describe almost anyone.
-Why people believe in astrology, horoscopes, and fortune tellers.

Front 13

Minnesota multi-phasic personality inventory (MMPI)

Back 13

A test used around the world to identify personality and psychological disorders.

Front 14

Projective measure

Back 14

A measure of personality in which unstructured stimuli, such as inkblots, drawings of social situations, or incomplete sentences, are shown to participants, who are asked to freely list what comes to mind as they think about stimuli.

Front 15

Rorschach Inkblot test

Back 15

A projective measure of personality in which the respondent indicates his or her thoughts about a series of 10 symmetrical inkblots.
-People who focus on the details of the inkblots may have obsessive-cumpulsive tendencies, whereas those who talk about sex or aggression may have sexual or aggressive problems.

Front 16

Thematic Apperception test (TAT)

Back 16

A protective measure of personality in which the respondent is asked to create stories about sketches of ambiguous situations, most of them are of people, either alone or with others.
-Must tell a story on what is happening.
-Assumes that people may be unwilling or willing to admit true feelings.
-Less direct due to individuals defense mechanisms

Front 17

Leadership

Back 17

Ability to direct or inspire others to achieve goals.

Front 18

Charismatic leaders

Back 18

LEaders who are enthusiast, committed, and self-confident; tend to talk about the importance of group goals at a broad level; make personal sacrifices for the group.

Front 19

Psychodynamic Psychology

Back 19

An approach to understanding human behavior that focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings and memory.

Front 20

Catharsis

Back 20

Outpouring of emotion

Front 21

ID

Back 21

In psychodynamic psychology, the component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses.
-Entirely unconscious
-Pleasure principle "I want this now"
-Reason why we smoke, drink, watch porn

Front 22

Superego

Back 22

The component of personality that represents our sense of morality and oughts
-Strives for perfection (if we don't live up to it we feel guilty.
-Tells us the things we shouldn't do

Front 23

Ego

Back 23

In psychodynamic psychology, component of personality that is the largely conscious controller or decision-maker of personality.
-Ego tells us to wait when we want to scream
-Serves as the intermediary between desires of the id and constraints of society contained in the superego

Front 24

Defense mechanisms

Back 24

Unconscious psychological strategies used to cope with anxiety and maintain a positive image.

Front 25

Displacement
(Freudian defense mechanism)

Back 25

Diverting threatening impulses away from the source of the anxiety and toward a more acceptable source.
-Student is angry at his professor for a low grade and lashes out at his roommate (safer target for anger)

Front 26

Projection
(Freudian defense mechanism)

Back 26

Disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others.
-A man with powerful unconscious sexual desire for women claims that women use him as a sex object

Front 27

Rationalization
(Freudian defense mechanism)

Back 27

Generating self-justifying explanations for our negative behaviors.
-A drama student convinces herself that getting the part in the play wasn't important to her.

Front 28

Reaction formation
(Freudian defense mechanism)

Back 28

Making unacceptable motivations appear as their exact opposite
-Jane is sexually attracted to her friend Jake but claims that in public she intensely dislikes him

Front 29

Regression
(Freudian defense mechanism)

Back 29

Retreating to an earlier, more childlike, and safer stage of development.
- A college student is worried about his test so he begins sucking his finger

Front 30

Repression (or denial)
(Freudian defense mechanism)

Back 30

Pushing anxiety-arousing thoughts into the unconscious
-A person who witnesses his parents having sex is later unable to remember anything about the event

Front 31

Sublimation
(Freudian defense mechanism)

Back 31

Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive desires into acceptable activities
-A person participates in sports to sublimate aggressive drives. A person creates music or art to sublimate sexual drives.

Front 32

1. Oral
(Freud's stages of psychosexual development)

Back 32

-Birth-18 months
-Pleasure comes from the mouth in the form of sucking, biting, and chewing.

Front 33

2. Anal
(Freud's stages of psychosexual development)

Back 33

-18 months to 3 years
-Pleasure comes from bowel and bladder elimination and the constraints of toilet training

Front 34

3. Phallic
(Freud's stages of psychosexual development)

Back 34

-3 to 6 years
- Pleasure comes from the genitals, and the conflict is with sexual desires for opposite-sex partners.

Front 35

4. Latency
(Freud's stages of psychosexual development)

Back 35

-6 years to puberty
-Sexual feelings are less important

Front 36

5. Genital
(Freud's stages of psychosexual development)

Back 36

-Puberty and older
-If prior stages have been properly reached, mature sexual orientation develops

Front 37

Neo-Freudian theories

Back 37

Theories based on Freudian principles that emphasize the role of the unconscious and early experience in shaping personality. They place less evidence on sexuality as the primary motivating force in personality and are more optimistic concerning the prospects for personality growth and change in personality in adults.

Front 38

Collective unconscious

Back 38

According to Carl Jung, a collection of shared ancestral memories.

Front 39

Inferiority Complex

Back 39

A psychological state in which people feel that they are not living up to expectations, leading them to have less self esteem.

Front 40

Humanistic psychology

Back 40

An approach to psychology that embraces the notions of self-esteem, self-actualization, and free will.

Front 41

Self-concept

Back 41

Set of beliefs about who we are
-Drives personality

Front 42

Self esteem

Back 42

Positive feelings about the self
-Drives personality

Front 43

Self-actualization

Back 43

Motivation to develop our innate potential to the fullest extent.

Front 44

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Back 44

Bottom-Top
-Physiological: Need to satisfy hunger and thirst
-Safety: Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure and stable
-Love/Belonging: Need to love and be loved, to belong and be accepted;need to avoid loneliness and alienation
-Esteem: Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others
-Self actualization: Need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential

Front 45

Unconditional Positive regard

Back 45

Behavior's including being genuine, open to experience, transparent, able to listen to others, and self-disclosing and empathic.
-When we treat ourselves or others with UPR, we express understandings and support, even if we may acknowledge failures.

Front 46

Gene

Back 46

Basic biological unit that transmits characteristics from one generation to the next.
-Human cells have about 25,000 genes

Front 47

Instinct

Back 47

A complex inborn pattern of behaviors that help ensure survival and reproduction

Front 48

Behavioral Genetics

Back 48

A variety of research techniques that scientists use to learn about the genetic and environmental influences on human behavior by comparing the traits of biologically and non biologically related family members.

Front 49

Family Study

Back 49

A behavioral genetics study that starts with one person who has a trait of interest (autism) and examines the individual's family tree to determine the extent to which other family members also have the trait.
-Presence of the trait in first degree relatives (parents, siblings, and children) compared to prevalence of the trait in second-degree relatives (aunts, grandparents, etc.)

Front 50

Twin study

Back 50

A behavioral genetics study in which the data from many pairs of twins are collected and the rates of similarity for identical and fraternal pairs are compared.
-Correlation coefficient is calculated that assesses the extent to which the trait for one twin is associated with the second twin. (.40-.50)

Front 51

Heritability (genetic influence)
(Twin Study)

Back 51

Indicated when the correlation coefficient for identical twins exceeds that for fraternal twins, indicating that shared DNA is an important determinant of personality.

Front 52

Shared Environmental
(Twin Study)

Back 52

Determinants are indicated when the correlation coefficients for identical and fraternal twins are greater than zero and also very similar.
-Experiences in the family that make them look alike

Front 53

Non-shared environment

Back 53

When identical twins do not have similar traits. Influences refer to experiences that are not accounted for either by heritability or by shared environmental factors.

Front 54

Adoption Study

Back 54

A behavioral genetics study that compares biologically related people, including twins, who have been reared either separately or apart.

Front 55

Molecular genetics

Back 55

Study of which genes are associated with which personality traits.