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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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increasing the pressure on a substance forces the molecules....
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closer together, which increases the strength of the intermolecular bonds
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intermolecular forces
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physical; need less energy input; weaker
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intramolecular forces
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chemical; covalent and ionic; need more energy imput to break stronger bonds
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ion dipole forces
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exist between an ion and the partial charge on the end of a polar molecule; strongest IMF force
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dipole dipole forces
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neutral polar molecules attract each other when positive end of one is near negative end of another... only effective when polar molecules are really close.. weaker than ion-dipole...boiling and condensation points depend on these
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strengths of intermolecular attractions increase with...
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increasing polarity
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hydrogen bonds
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strongest type of dipole dipole force... attraction between the hydrogen atom in a polar bond and an unshared electron pair on an electronegative ion or atom; hydrogen is at positive end, N, O, or F at negative end
weaker than chemical bond, stronger than dipole dipole shorter bond length, higher electronegativity than other dipole dipole |
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how does ice float?
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its less dense than water... when water freezes, the molecules are in an ordered open arrangement which is less dense. allowing it to float on water
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london dispersion forces
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temporary dipole in one atom can cause a dipole in another atom, which causes them to attract one another
operate between all molecules, polar or nonpolar; weakest force; short lived and instantaneous; occur very frequently; hold pure nonpolar substances together in liquid and solid states |
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as the molar mass of a substance increases....
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the strength of the LDF increases bc high molar mass substances have more electrons
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polarizability
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ease with which charge distribution can be distorted by an external electric field
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more polarizable molecules have stronger....
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LDF
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larger molecules have ________ polarizabilities because...
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greater because they have more electrons and are further away
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london dispersion forces increase with...
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increasing molecular size, increasing molecular weight, and shapes
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viscosity
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resistance of a liquid to flow, the greater the viscosity the slower the liquid flows
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viscosity increases with.....
viscosity decreases with... |
molecular weight
increasing temperature |
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surface tension
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energy required to increase the surface area of a liquid
molecules on the interior of the liquid are pulled in all directions equally, while molecules on surface are pulled in. |
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cohesive forces
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intermolecular forces that bind similar molecules to one another
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adhesive forces
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intermolecular forces that bind a substance to a surface
increase surface area of substance |
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vapor pressure
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the pressure of vapor as a constant value after the process of vaporization
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the weaker the attractive forces between molecules of a liquid...
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the more molecules able to escape and the higher the vapor pressure
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dynamic equilibrium
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condition in which two opposing processes occur at the same time
ex. when molecules of gas reach constant value, and the pressure of vapor becomes constant |
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volatile liquids
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liquids that evaporate readily; vapor pressure increases nonlinearly with increasing temperature
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a liquid boils when...
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its vapor pressure equals the external pressure acting on the surface of the liquid
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high pressure causes water to boil at a _______ temperature
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higher
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the temperature of a boiling liquid increases with...
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increasing external pressure
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