Chapter 11: Respiration

Front 1

adenoids

Back 1

lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils

Front 2

alveoli

Back 2

the tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood in respiration (singular, alveolus). An alveolus, in general, is a small hollow or cavity, and the term is also used to describe the bony socket for a tooth.

Front 3

bronchiole

Back 3

one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes (root bronchiol)

Front 4

bronchus

Back 4

one of the larger air passageways in the lungs. the bronchi begin as two branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs (plural,bronchi) (root bronch)

Front 5

carbon dioxide

Back 5

a gas produced by energy metabolism in cells and eliminated through the lungs

Front 6

carbonic acid

Back 6

an acid formed by carbon dioxide when it dissolves in water (H2CO3)

Front 7

compliance

Back 7

a measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure. compliance is reduced in many types of respiratory disorders.

Front 8

diaphragm

Back 8

the dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inspiration (root phren/o)

Front 9

epiglottis

Back 9

a leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.

Front 10

expectoration

Back 10

the act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released; sputum

Front 11

adenoids

Back 11

lymphoid tissue located in the nasopharynx; the pharyngeal tonsils

Front 12

alveoli

Back 12

the tiny air sacs in the lungs through which gases are exchanged between the atmosphere and the blood in respiration (singular, alveolus). An alveolus, in general, is a small hollow or cavity, and the term is also used to describe the bony socket for a tooth.

Front 13

bronchiole

Back 13

one of the smaller subdivisions of the bronchial tubes (root bronchiol)

Front 14

bronchus

Back 14

one of the larger air passageways in the lungs. the bronchi begin as two branches of the trachea and then subdivide within the lungs (plural,bronchi) (root bronch)

Front 15

carbon dioxide

Back 15

a gas produced by energy metabolism in cells and eliminated through the lungs

Front 16

carbonic acid

Back 16

an acid formed by carbon dioxide when it dissolves in water (H2CO3)

Front 17

compliance

Back 17

a measure of how easily the lungs expand under pressure. compliance is reduced in many types of respiratory disorders.

Front 18

diaphragm

Back 18

the dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that flattens during inspiration (root phren/o)

Front 19

epiglottis

Back 19

a leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the trachea.

Front 20

expectoration

Back 20

the act of coughing up material from the respiratory tract; also the material thus released; sputum

Front 21

expiration

Back 21

the act of breathing out or expelling air from the lungs; exhalation

Front 22

glottis

Back 22

the opening between the vocal cords

Front 23

hemoglobin

Back 23

the iron-containing pigment in red blood cells that transports oxygen

Front 24

inspiration

Back 24

the act of drawing air into the lungs; inhalation

Front 25

larynx

Back 25

the enlarged upper end of the trachea that contains the vocal cords (root layrng/o)

Front 26

lung

Back 26

a cone-shaped spongy organ of respiration contained within the thorax (roots pneu, pulm)

Front 27

mediastinum

Back 27

the space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space

Front 28

nose

Back 28

the organ of the face used for breathing and for housing receptors for the sense of smell; includes an external portion and an internal nasal cavity (roots nas/o, rhin/o)

Front 29

oxygen

Back 29

the gas needed by the cells to release energy from the food in metabolism

Front 30

palatine tonsils

Back 30

the paired masses of lymphoid tissue located on either side of the oropharynx; usually meant when the term tonsils is used alone

Front 31

pharynx

Back 31

the throat; a common passageway for food entering the esophagus and air entering the larynx (root pharyng/o)

Front 32

phrenic nerve

Back 32

the nerve that activates the diaphragm (root phrenic/o)

Front 33

pleura

Back 33

a double-layered membrane that covers the lungs (visceral pleura) and lines the thoracic cavity (parietal pleural) (root pleur/o)

Front 34

pleural space

Back 34

the thin, fluid-filled space between the two layers of the pleura; pleural cavity

Front 35

sinus

Back 35

a cavity or channel; the paranasal sinuses are located near the nose and drain into the nasal cavity

Front 36

sputum

Back 36

the substance released by coughing or clearing the throat. it may contain a variety of material from the respiratory tract

Front 37

surfactant

Back 37

a substance that decreases the surface tension within the alveoli and eases expansion of the lungs

Front 38

trachea

Back 38

the air passageway that extends from the larynx to the bronchi (root trache/o)

Front 39

turbinate bones

Back 39

the bony projections in the nasal cavity that contain receptors for the sense of smell. also called conchae

Front 40

ventilation

Back 40

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

Front 41

vocal cords

Back 41

membranous folds on wither side of the larynx that are important in speech production. also called vocal cords.

Front 42

-pnea

Back 42

breathing

Front 43

-oxia

Back 43

level of oxygen

Front 44

-capnia

Back 44

level of carbon dioxide

Front 45

-phonia

Back 45

voice

Front 46

nas/o

Back 46

nose

Front 47

rhin/o

Back 47

nose

Front 48

pharyng/o

Back 48

pharynx

Front 49

laryng/o

Back 49

layrnx

Front 50

trache/o

Back 50

trachea

Front 51

bronch/o, bronch/i

Back 51

bronchus

Front 52

bronchiol

Back 52

bronchiole

Front 53

phren/o

Back 53

diaphragm

Front 54

phrenic/o

Back 54

phrenic nerve

Front 55

pleur/o

Back 55

pleura

Front 56

pneumon/o

Back 56

lung

Front 57

pneum/o, pneumat/o

Back 57

air, gas; also respiration, lung

Front 58

spir/o

Back 58

breathing

Front 59

tidal volume (TV)

Back 59

amount of air breathed into or out of the lungs in quiet, relaxed breathing

Front 60

residual volume (RV)

Back 60

amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal exhalation

Front 61

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Back 61

amount of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation

Front 62

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Back 62

amount of air that can be inhaled above a normal inspiration

Front 63

total lung capacity (TLC)

Back 63

total amount of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation

Front 64

inspiratory capacity (IC)

Back 64

amount of air that can be inhaled after normal exhalation

Front 65

vital capacity (VC)

Back 65

amount of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation

Front 66

functional residual capacity (FRC)

Back 66

amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation

Front 67

forced expiratory volume (FEV)

Back 67

volume of gas exhaled with maximum force within a given interval of time; the time interval is shown as a subscript, such as FEV1 (1 second), FEV3 (3 seconds)

Front 68

forced vital capacity (FVC)

Back 68

the volume of gas exhaled as rapidly and completely as possible after a complete inhalation

Front 69

acidosis

Back 69

abnormal acidity of bodily fluids. respiratory acidosis is caused by abnormally high levels of carbon dioxide in the body.

Front 70

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Back 70

pulmonary edema that can lead rapidly to fatal respiratory failure; causes include trauma, aspiration into the lungs, viral pneumonia, and drug reactions; shock lung

Front 71

alkalosis

Back 71

abnormal alkalinity of body fluids. respiratory alkalosis is caused by abnormally low levels of carbon dioxide in the body.

Front 72

aspiration

Back 72

the accidental inhalation of food or other foreign material into the lungs. also used to mean the withdrawal of fluid from cavity by suction

Front 73

asthma

Back 73

a disease characterized by dyspnea and wheezing caused by spasm of the bronchial tubes or swelling of their mucous membranes

Front 74

atelectasis

Back 74

incomplete expansion of a lung or part of a lung; lung collapse. may be present at birth (as in respiratory distress syndrome) or be caused by bronchial obstruction or compression of lung tissue

Front 75

bronchiectasis

Back 75

chronic dilation of a bronchus or bronchi

Front 76

bronchitis

Back 76

inflammation of a bronchus

Front 77

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Back 77

any of a group of chronic, progressive, and debilitating respiratory diseases, which includes emphysema, asthma, bronchitis, and bronchiectasis

Front 78

cyanosis

Back 78

bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood

Front 79

cystic fibrosis (CF)

Back 79

an inherited disease that affects the pancreas, respiratory system, and sweat glands. characterized by mucus accumulation in the bronchi causing obstruction and leading to infection.

Front 80

dyspnea

Back 80

difficult or labored breathing, sometimes with pain; "air hunger"

Front 81

emphysema

Back 81

a chronic pulmonary disease characterized by enlargement and destruction of the alveoli

Front 82

empyema

Back 82

accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space; pyothorax

Front 83

hemoptysis

Back 83

the spitting of blood from the mouth or respiratory tract (ptysis means spitting)

Front 84

hemothorax

Back 84

presence of blood in the pleural space

Front 85

hydrothorax

Back 85

presence of fluid in the pleural space

Front 86

hyperventilation

Back 86

increased rate and depth of breathing; increase in the amount of air entering the alveoli

Front 87

hypoventilation

Back 87

decreased rate and depth of breathing; decrease in the amount of air entering the alveoli

Front 88

influenza

Back 88

an acute, contagious respiratory infection causing fever, chills, headache, and muscle pain

Front 89

pleural effusion

Back 89

accumulation of fluid in the pleural space. the fluid may contain blood (hemothorax) or pus (pyothorax or empyema)

Front 90

pleurisy

Back 90

inflammation of the pleural; pleuritis. a symptom of pluerisy is sharp pain on breathing

Front 91

pneumoconiosis

Back 91

disease of the respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles. named more specifically by the type of dust inhaled, such as silicosis, anthracosis, abestosis

Front 92

pneumonia

Back 92

inflammation of the lungs generally caused by infection. may involve the bronchioles and alveoli (bronchopneumonia) or one or more lobes of the lung (lobar pneumonia)

Front 93

pneumonitits

Back 93

inflammation of the lungs; may follow infection or be caused by asthma, allergy, or inhalation of irritants

Front 94

pneumothorax

Back 94

accumulation of air or gas in the pleural space. may result from injury or disease or may be produced artificially to collapse a lung

Front 95

pyothorax

Back 95

accumulation of pus in the pleural space; empyema

Front 96

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Back 96

a respiratory disorder that affects premature infants born without enough surfactant in the lungs. it is treated with respiratory support and administration of surfactant

Front 97

tuberculosis

Back 97

an infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. often involves the lungs but may involve other parts of the body as well.

Front 98

arterial blood gases (ABGs)

Back 98

the concentration of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in arterial blood. reported as the partial pressure (P) of the gas in arterial (a) blood, such as PaO2 or PaCO2. theses measurements are important in measuring acid-bas balance

Front 99

bronchoscope

Back 99

an endoscope used to examine the tracheobronchial passageways. also allows the access for biopsy of tissue to removal of a foreign object.

Front 100

lung scan

Back 100

study based on the accumulation of radioactive isotope in lung tissue. a ventilation scan measures ventilation after inhalation of radioactive material. a perfusion scan measures blood supply to the lungs after injection of radioactive material. also called a pulmonary scintiscan.

Front 101

pulse oximetry

Back 101

determination of the oxygen saturation of arterial blood by means of photoelectric apparatus (oximeter), usually placed on the finger or the ear; reported as SpO2 in percent

Front 102

pulmonary function tests

Back 102

tests done to assess breathing, usually by spirometry

Front 103

spirometer

Back 103

an apparatus used to measure breathing volumes and capacities; record of test is a spirogram

Front 104

thoracentesis

Back 104

surgical puncture of the chest for removal of air or fluids, such as may accumulate after surgery or as a result of injury, infection, or cardiovascular problems. also called thoracocentesis

Front 105

tuberculin test

Back 105

a skin test for tuberculosis. tuberculin, the test material made from products of the tuberculosis organism, is injected below the skin or inoculated with a four-prong device.

Front 106

carina

Back 106

a projection of the lowest tracheal cartilage that forms a ridge between the two bronchi. used as a landmark for endoscopy. any ridge or ridgelike structure

Front 107

hilum

Back 107

a depression in an organ where vessels and nerves enter

Front 108

nares

Back 108

the external openings of the nose; the nostrils

Front 109

nasal septum

Back 109

the partition that divides the nasal cavity into two parts (root sept/o means "septum")

Front 110

anoxia

Back 110

lack or absence of oxygen in the tissues; often used incorrectly to mean hypoxia

Front 111

asphyxia

Back 111

condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen; suffocation (literally "lack of pulse)

Front 112

Biot respirations

Back 112

deep, fast breathing interrupted by sudden pauses; seen in spinal meningitis and other disorders of the central nervous system

Front 113

bronchospasm

Back 113

narrowing of the bronchi because of spasm of the smooth muscle in their walls; common in cases of asthma and bronchitis

Front 114

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Back 114

a repeating cycle of gradually increased and then decreased respiration followed by a period of apnea; caused by depression of the breathing centers of the nervous system; seen in cases of coma and in terminally ill patients

Front 115

cor pulmonale

Back 115

enlargement of the right ventricle of the heart because of disease of the lungs or their blood vessels

Front 116

coryza

Back 116

acute inflammation of the nasal passages with profuse nasal discharge

Front 117

croup

Back 117

a childhood disease usually caused by a viral infection that involves inflammation and obstruction of the upper airway. croup is characterized by a barking cough, difficulty breathing, and laryngeal spasm.

Front 118

deviated septum

Back 118

a shifted nasal septum; may require surgical correction

Front 119

epiglottitis

Back 119

inflammation of the epiglottis that may lead to obstruction of the upper airway. Commonly seen in cases of croup.

Front 120

epistaxis

Back 120

hemorrhage from the nose; nosebleed

Front 121

fremitus

Back 121

a vibration, especially as felt through the chest wall on palpation

Front 122

Kussmaul respiration

Back 122

rapid and deep gasping respiration without pause; characteristic of severe acidosis

Front 123

pleural friction rub

Back 123

a sound heard on ausculation that is produced by the rubbing together of the two layers of the pleura; a common sign of pleurisy

Front 124

rale

Back 124

abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways or alveoli containing fluid; usually heard during inspiration

Front 125

rhonchi

Back 125

abnormal chest sounds produced in airways with accumulated fluids; more noticeable during expiration

Front 126

stridor

Back 126

a harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air passageway

Front 127

tussis

Back 127

a cough. an antitussive drug is one that relieves or prevents coughing

Front 128

wheeze

Back 128

a whistling or sighing sound caused by narrowing of the respiratory passageway

Front 129

miliary tuberculosis

Back 129

acute generalized form of tuberculosis with formation of minute tubercles that resemble millet seeds

Front 130

pertussis

Back 130

an acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough ending in a whooping inspiration; whooping cough

Front 131

small cell carcinoma

Back 131

a highly malignant type of bronchial tumor involving small, undifferentiated cells; "oat cell" carcinoma

Front 132

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Back 132

the sudden and unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant; crib death

Front 133

Mantoux test

Back 133

a test for tuberculosis in which PPD (tuberculin) is injected into the skin. The test does not differentiate active from inactive cases.

Front 134

mediastinoscopy

Back 134

examination of the mediastinum by means of endoscope inserted through an incision above the sternum

Front 135

plethysmograph

Back 135

an instrument that measures changes in gas volume and pressure during respiration

Front 136

pneumotachometer

Back 136

a device for measuring air flow

Front 137

thoracoscopy

Back 137

examination of the pleural cavity through an endoscope; pleuroscopy

Front 138

tine test

Back 138

a test for tuberculosis in which PPD (tuberculin) is introduced into the skin with a multipronged device. the test does not differentiate active from inactive cases

Front 139

aerosol therapy

Back 139

treatment by inhalation of a drug or water in spray form

Front 140

continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Back 140

use of a mechanical respirator to maintain pressure throughout the respiratory cycle in a patient who is breathing spontaneously

Front 141

extubation

Back 141

removal of a previously inserted tube

Front 142

intermittent positive pressure breathing (IPPB)

Back 142

use of a ventilator to inflate the lungs at intervals under positive pressure during ihalation

Front 143

intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV)

Back 143

use of mechanical ventilator to force air into the lungs while allowing for passive exhalation

Front 144

nasal cannula

Back 144

a two-pronged plastic device inserted into the nostrils for delivery of oxygen

Front 145

orthopneic position

Back 145

an upright or semiupright position that aids in breathing

Front 146

positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP)

Back 146

use of a mechanical ventilator to increase the volume of gas in the lungs at the end of exhalation, thus improving gas exchange

Front 147

postural drainage

Back 147

use of body position to drain secretions from the lungs by gravity. The patient is placed so that the secretions will move passively into the larger airways for elimination

Front 148

thoracic gas volume (TGV)

Back 148

the volume of gas in the thoracic cavity calculated from measurements made with a body plethysmograph

Front 149

adenoidectomy

Back 149

surgical removal of the adenoids

Front 150

intubation

Back 150

insertion of a tube into a hollow organ, such as the larynx or trachea for entrance of air. Patients may be intubated during surgery for administration of anesthesia or to maintain an airway. Endotracheal intubation may be used as an emergency measure when airways are blocked.

Front 151

lobectomy

Back 151

surgical removal of a lobe of the lung or of another organ

Front 152

pneumoplasty

Back 152

plastic surgery of the lung. in reduction pneumoplasty, nonfunctional portions of the lung are removed, as in cases of advanced emphysema

Front 153

tracheotomy

Back 153

incision of the trachea through the neck, usually to establish an airway in cases of tracheal obstruction

Front 154

tracheostomy

Back 154

surgical creation of an opening into the trachea to form an airway or to prepare for the insertion of a tube for ventilation, also the opening thus created

Front 155

antihistamine

Back 155

agent that prevents responses mediated by histamine, such as allergic and inflammatory reactions

Front 156

antitussive

Back 156

drug that prevents or relives coughing

Front 157

bronchodilator

Back 157

drug that relieves bronchial spasm and widens the bronchi

Front 158

decongestant

Back 158

agent that reduces congestion or swelling

Front 159

expectorant

Back 159

agent that aids in removal of bronchopulmonary secretions

Front 160

isoniazid

Back 160

drug used to treat tuberculosis

Front 161

mucolytic

Back 161

agent that loosens mucus to aid in its removal