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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Janet Shibley Hyde
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Making a distinction between sex and gender fails to recognize that biology and culture interact.
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Gender
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the state of being male or female
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Gender Stereotypes
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widely shared beliefs about males and females abilities, personality traits and social behavior.
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Instrumentality
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An orientation toward action and accomplishment (male stereotypes)
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Expressiveness
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An orientation towards emotion and relationships (Female stereotypes)
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androcentrism
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the belief that male is the norm.
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Meta-Analysis
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Combines the statistical research of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variables effects.
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Janet Shibley Hyde
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Gender similarities hypothesis - men and women are similar on most psychological variables, most differences are quite small.
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What are the differences between overall intelligence between men and women?
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none
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Gender Differences in verbal abilities
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Girls have an advantage in verbal abilities, but the differences are small.
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Gender differences in mathematical abilities
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favoring males. - Not too much difference
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Gender Differences Spatial Abilities
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Males outperform females.
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Gender differences in self esteem
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Girls have lower self esteem but differences are small.
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Aggression
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Behavior that is intended to hurt someone physically or verbally
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Gender differences in Aggression
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males engage in more physical aggression. Findings are inconsistent in verbal aggression. Females are higher in relational aggression (i.e. silent treatment)
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Indirect aggression
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target not confronted, spreading rumors, etc.
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Gender Differences in sexual attitudes and Behavior
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Men have more permissive attitudes about casual or premarital sex. Men are more sexually active
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Letitia Anne Peplau
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4 gender differences in sexuality 1. Men have more interest in sex 2. sex and intamacy connection is more important for women 3. Aggression and sex linked more often for men. 4. women's sexuality is easily shaped by cultural and situational factors.
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Gender differences in Emotional Expression
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women are more likely to outwardly display emotions. women recognize emotions, no differences in EXPERIENCED emotion.
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Gender differences in communication
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Men talk more than women.
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Gender differences in overall mental disorders
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Not much difference
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Social Role Theory (founder and definition)
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Alice Eagly - minor gender differences are exaggerated by the different social roles that male and females occupy.
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Social Constructionism
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individuals construct their own reality based on social expectations, conditioning, and self socialization
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Evolutionary Explanations of Gender differences
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Suggestsurvival of the fittest and natural selection, passing on genes, etc.
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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Right and left halves of the crebrum.
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Left Hemisphere
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Verbal (men) and mathematical
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Right hemisphere
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visual and spatial (men)
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Corpus Callosum
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The band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres (females have larger corpus callosum)
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Hormones
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chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands.
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Socialization
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acquisition of the norms and roles expected of people in a particular society
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Gender Roles
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cultural expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each gender
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Margaret Mead
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Classic study for three tribes in New Guinea, and gender roles.
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Gender Schemas
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Cognitive structures that guide the processing of gender relevant information (lenses)
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How parents influence gender roles (2)
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Play activities and house hold chores
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Sources of gender role socialization (4)
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Parents, peers, schools, media
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Central theme of role expectation for males
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anti-femininity
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Typical male role attributes (5)
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1. Achievement
2. Aggression 3. Autonomy 4. Sexuality 5. Stoicism (men should not share pain) |
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Problems with male role (3)
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1. Pressure to succeed
2. The emotional Realm 3. Sexual Problems |
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Typical Role expectations for women (3)
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1. Marriage mandate (must be married)
2. Motherhood mandate 3. Work outside the home |
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Problems with female role (3)
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1. Diminished career aspirations
2. Juggling multiple roles 3. Ambivalence about sexuality |
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Sexism
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discrimination against people on the basis of their gender
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Sexual Harassment
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unwelcome conduct on the basis of gender
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Two categories of sexual harassment in the work place and researcher who discovered them.
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(BETZ) Quid Pro quo harassment - expected to give in to sexual demands in exchange for employment, raises, promotions. Hostile environment harassment - exposed to sexist or sexually oriented comments cartoons posters and so forth.
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Gender Role Identity
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a person's identification with the qualities regarded as masculine or feminine.
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Androgyny
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coexistence of both masculine and feminine personality traits in a single person.
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Sandra Bem
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challenged the idea that men who scored high on masculine traits and women who scored high on feminine traits were better off.
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gender role transcendence perspective
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proposes tha to be fully human people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others
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Styles of communication
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men - instrumental women- expressive
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who is more skilled at nonverbal communication
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women
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Speaking styles
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women - speak more tentatively
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Deborah Tannen
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Males and females are socialized differently (clash of two cultures)
males - independence and status females - connection and intestacy |
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Philip Zimbardo
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Gender is learned (video)
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psychological androgynous
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Term by Sandra Bem
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