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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Janet Shibley Hyde
Making a distinction between sex and gender fails to recognize that biology and culture interact.
Gender
the state of being male or female
Gender Stereotypes
widely shared beliefs about males and females abilities, personality traits and social behavior.
Instrumentality
An orientation toward action and accomplishment (male stereotypes)
Expressiveness
An orientation towards emotion and relationships (Female stereotypes)
androcentrism
the belief that male is the norm.
Meta-Analysis
Combines the statistical research of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variables effects.
Janet Shibley Hyde
Gender similarities hypothesis - men and women are similar on most psychological variables, most differences are quite small.
What are the differences between overall intelligence between men and women?
none
Gender Differences in verbal abilities
Girls have an advantage in verbal abilities, but the differences are small.
Gender differences in mathematical abilities
favoring males. - Not too much difference
Gender Differences Spatial Abilities
Males outperform females.
Gender differences in self esteem
Girls have lower self esteem but differences are small.
Aggression
Behavior that is intended to hurt someone physically or verbally
Gender differences in Aggression
males engage in more physical aggression. Findings are inconsistent in verbal aggression. Females are higher in relational aggression (i.e. silent treatment)
Indirect aggression
target not confronted, spreading rumors, etc.
Gender Differences in sexual attitudes and Behavior
Men have more permissive attitudes about casual or premarital sex. Men are more sexually active
Letitia Anne Peplau
4 gender differences in sexuality 1. Men have more interest in sex 2. sex and intamacy connection is more important for women 3. Aggression and sex linked more often for men. 4. women's sexuality is easily shaped by cultural and situational factors.
Gender differences in Emotional Expression
women are more likely to outwardly display emotions. women recognize emotions, no differences in EXPERIENCED emotion.
Gender differences in communication
Men talk more than women.
Gender differences in overall mental disorders
Not much difference
Social Role Theory (founder and definition)
Alice Eagly - minor gender differences are exaggerated by the different social roles that male and females occupy.
Social Constructionism
individuals construct their own reality based on social expectations, conditioning, and self socialization
Evolutionary Explanations of Gender differences
Suggestsurvival of the fittest and natural selection, passing on genes, etc.
Cerebral Hemispheres
Right and left halves of the crebrum.
Left Hemisphere
Verbal (men) and mathematical
Right hemisphere
visual and spatial (men)
Corpus Callosum
The band of fibers connecting the two hemispheres (females have larger corpus callosum)
Hormones
chemical substances released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands.
Socialization
acquisition of the norms and roles expected of people in a particular society
Gender Roles
cultural expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each gender
Margaret Mead
Classic study for three tribes in New Guinea, and gender roles.
Gender Schemas
Cognitive structures that guide the processing of gender relevant information (lenses)
How parents influence gender roles (2)
Play activities and house hold chores
Sources of gender role socialization (4)
Parents, peers, schools, media
Central theme of role expectation for males
anti-femininity
Typical male role attributes (5)
1. Achievement
2. Aggression
3. Autonomy
4. Sexuality
5. Stoicism (men should not share pain)
Problems with male role (3)
1. Pressure to succeed
2. The emotional Realm
3. Sexual Problems
Typical Role expectations for women (3)
1. Marriage mandate (must be married)
2. Motherhood mandate
3. Work outside the home
Problems with female role (3)
1. Diminished career aspirations
2. Juggling multiple roles
3. Ambivalence about sexuality
Sexism
discrimination against people on the basis of their gender
Sexual Harassment
unwelcome conduct on the basis of gender
Two categories of sexual harassment in the work place and researcher who discovered them.
(BETZ) Quid Pro quo harassment - expected to give in to sexual demands in exchange for employment, raises, promotions. Hostile environment harassment - exposed to sexist or sexually oriented comments cartoons posters and so forth.
Gender Role Identity
a person's identification with the qualities regarded as masculine or feminine.
Androgyny
coexistence of both masculine and feminine personality traits in a single person.
Sandra Bem
challenged the idea that men who scored high on masculine traits and women who scored high on feminine traits were better off.
gender role transcendence perspective
proposes tha to be fully human people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others
Styles of communication
men - instrumental women- expressive
who is more skilled at nonverbal communication
women
Speaking styles
women - speak more tentatively
Deborah Tannen
Males and females are socialized differently (clash of two cultures)

males - independence and status
females - connection and intestacy
Philip Zimbardo
Gender is learned (video)
psychological androgynous
Term by Sandra Bem