Chapter 11 - Problem Solving

Front 1

Gestalt

Back 1

The whole is different form the sum of its parts

Front 2

Insight

Back 2

a sudden solution to a problem by means of an insightful discovery

Front 3

functional fixedness

Back 3

is a tendency to use objects and concepts in the problem environment is only their customary and usual way
-- vi anvender objekter "som man altid har gjort" = begrænser os i evt. løsninger

-- barierre for problem solving

Front 4

Negative set

Back 4

a bias or tendency to solve problems in a particular way, using a single specific approach, even when a different approach might be more productive

-- barierre for problem solving

Front 5

Insight

Back 5

a deep, useful understanding of the nature of something, especially a difficult problem

-- often: occurs suddenly

Front 6

analogy

Back 6

An already-solved problem is similar to a current one, so the old solution can be adapted to the new situation

Front 7

analogy

Back 7

is a relationship between two similar situations, problems, or concept

-- eks.: merchant: Sell :: customer: ...... (så skal der stå buy)

Front 8

Holding on to working memory load?

Back 8

Seriously reduced the ability to find correct mappings between two problems.

Front 9

Hjernehalvdel specielt aktiv ved semantic priming

Back 9

right hemisphere

Front 10

Hjernehalvdel specielt aktiv ved analogy

Back 10

left frontal and parietal lobes

Front 11

Goal

Back 11

the desired end-point or solution of the problem-solving activity

Front 12

Characteristics of problem solving

Back 12

- Goal directedness (the overall behavior or activity we're examining is directed toward achiving some goal or purpose)

- sequence of operations (an activity must involve a sequence of operations or steps to qualify as problem solving)

- Cognitive operations (achieving a solution to the overall goal)

- Subgoal decomposition (subgoal: an intermediate goal along the route to eventual solution of the problem)

Front 13

Problem space

Back 13

the initial, intermediate, and goal states of the problem. It also includes the problem solver's knowledge at each of these steps, both knowledge that is currently being applied and knowledge that could be retrieved from memory and applied

Front 14

Operators

Back 14

Are set of legal operations or moves that can be performed during problem solution.

-- The term legal means permissible in the rules of the problem.

Front 15

Well-defined problems

Back 15

an explicit and complete specification of the initial and goal states

Front 16

Ill-defined problems

Back 16

the states, operators, or both may be only vaguely specified

Front 17

Means-end analysis

Back 17

is the best-known problem-solving heuristic:
the problem is solved by repeatedly determining the difference between the current state and the goal or subgoal state, then finding and applying an operator that reduces this difference

Front 18

General problem solver (GPS)

Back 18

This probram was the first genuine computer simulation of problem-solving behaviour.

Front 19

Production

Back 19

is a pair of statements, called either a condition-action pair or an if-then pair.

-- in such a scheme, if the production's conditions are satisified, the action part of the pair takes place.

Front 20

How can we improve our problem solving skills?

Back 20

- Increase domain knowledge
(what one knows about a topic)

- automate some components of the problem-solving solution

- follwoing a systematic plan

- Draw inferences

- Develop subgoals

- Work backward

- Search for contradictions

- Search for relations among problems

- Find a different problem represntation

- Stay calm

- If all else fails, try practice