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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Personality trait
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A durable disposition to behave in a particular way in a variety of situations
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ID
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The primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle
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pleasure principle
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Demands immediate gratification of its urges
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ego
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The decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle
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reality principle
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Seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found
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superego
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The moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong
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conscious
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Consists of whatever one is aware
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preconscious
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Contains material just beneath the surface of awareness that can easily be retrieved
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unconscious
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Contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness but that nonetheless exert great influence on behavior
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defense mechanisms
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Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt
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rationalization
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Creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior
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Repression
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Keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious
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Projection
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Attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another
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Displacement
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Diverting emotional feelings (usually anger) from their original source to a substitute target
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reaction formation
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Behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings
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Regression
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Reversion to immature patterns of behavior
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Identification
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Bolstering self-esteem by forming an imaginary or real alliance with some person or group
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Sublimation
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Occurs when unconscious, unacceptable impulses are channeled into socially acceptable, perhaps even admirable, behaviors
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Psychosexual stages
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Are developmental periods with a characteristic sexual focus that leave their mark on adult personality
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Fixation
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Involves a failure to move forward from one stage to another
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Archetypes
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Emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning
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Striving for superiority
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A universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges
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Compensation
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Involves efforts to overcome imagined or real inferiorities by developing one's abilities
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Behaviorism
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A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior
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Observational learning
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Occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others
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Model
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A person whose behavior is observed by another
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Self-efficacy
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Refers to one's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes
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Humanism
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A theoretical orientation that emphasizes the unique of humans, especially their freedom and their potential for personal growth
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Self-concept
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A collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior
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Incongruence
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Is the degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience
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Hierarchy of needs
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A systematic arrangement of needs, according to priority, in which basic needs must be met before less basic needs are aroused
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Need for self-actualization
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Is the need to fulfill one's potential
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Narcissism
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A personality trait marked by an inflated sense of importance, a need for attention and admiration, a sense of entitlement, and a tendency to exploit others
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What is the Big Five?
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They are five high-order traits that are used to identify the crucial dimensions that underlie the diverse personality traits
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List the Big Five
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Openness to experience
Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism |
