Chapter 11 Notecards

Front 1

Kay

Back 1

Invented the fly shuttle

Front 2

Arkwright

Back 2

Invented the water frame which made possible the multiple spinning of threads

Front 3

Whitney

Back 3

Invented the cotton gin

Front 4

Newcomen

Back 4

Built the first economically significant steam engine in 1702

Front 5

Watt

Back 5

Refined and perfected Newcomen's steam engine with Matthew Boulton

Front 6

Stephenson

Back 6

Built the first fully satisfactory locomotive; launching the railroad industry

Front 7

Fulton

Back 7

Employed the Boulton and Watt engine on riverboats on the Hudson

Front 8

squirearchy

Back 8

The landowning class with which the power of government resided in Britain from 1688 to 1832. Also known as the "gentlemen of England"

Front 9

enclosure

Back 9

A series of acts passed by the British Parliament which authorized the enclosing by fences, walls, or hedges of the old common lands and unfenced open fields

Front 10

fly shuttle

Back 10

Required only one person to weave cloth instead of two

Front 11

spinning jenny

Back 11

a mechanized spinning wheel that enabled workers to increase their production of yarn

Front 12

water frame

Back 12

a device that provided for the multiple spinning of many threads

Front 13

power loom

Back 13

loom operated by mechanical or electrical power

Front 14

cotton gin

Back 14

a device that speeded up the removal of seeds and greatly increased the output of cotton

Front 15

Rocket

Back 15

the first fully sastifactory locomotive

Front 16

classical economists

Back 16

A group of economists that believed that there is a world of economic relationships autonomous and separable from government or politics

Front 17

Manchester School

Back 17

A group of classical economists supporting laissez-faire economics, following the ideas of Smith, Malthus, and Ricardo

Front 18

"iron law of wages"

Back 18

principle that as soon as workers receive more than a subsistence wage they breed more children, who consume the excess, so that they reduce themselves, and the working class generally, again to a subsistence level

Front 19

Byron

Back 19

British romantic author

Front 20

Shelley

Back 20

British romantic authors (husband and wife)

Front 21

Wordsworth

Back 21

British romantic author

Front 22

Hugo

Back 22

French romantic author

Front 23

Chateubriand

Back 23

French romantic author

Front 24

Sand

Back 24

French romantic author

Front 25

Schiller

Back 25

German romantic author

Front 26

Schlegel

Back 26

German romantic author

Front 27

Robert Owen

Back 27

Cotton lord who created a model community for his employees and payed high wages, reduced hours, sternly corrected vice and drunkeness, built schools and hospitals, and built stores for the cheap sale of workers' necessities

Front 28

Saint-Simon

Back 28

Early French socialist who fought in the War of American Independence, accepted the French Revolution, and in his later years wrote many books on social problems

Front 29

Fourier

Back 29

A doctrinaire thinker who subjected all social institutions to sweeping condemnation

Front 30

Blanc

Back 30

French thinker

Front 31

Mazzini

Back 31

Founded the society, Young Italy, and tired to unify Italy

Front 32

the Brothers Grimm

Back 32

Founded the modern science of comparative linguistics

Front 33

Hegel

Back 33

German philospher who believed in the Volksgeist

Front 34

List

Back 34

German thinker that held that the political economy as taught in England was suited only for England

Front 35

von Ranke

Back 35

German historian that founded the "scientific" school of historical writing.

Front 36

Vuk Karajich

Back 36

Serb who published a grammar of his native tongue and a collection of Popular Songs & Epics of the Serbs

Front 37

Palacky

Back 37

Czech historian who published the "History of Bohemia" designed to give the Czechs a new pride in their national past

Front 38

Mickiewicz

Back 38

Polish poet and revolutionary

Front 39

Jeremy Bentham

Back 39

leader of the Philosophical Radicals in England

Front 40

radicalism

Back 40

term originating in England to describe a new group who held "revolutionary" new ideas

Front 41

liberalism

Back 41

term describing the movement that emphasized rights and liberties that individuals should possess in every well-ordered, modern society

Front 42

socialism

Back 42

Movement that distrusted and questioned private enterprise and urged for more government intervention in the economy

Front 43

romanticism

Back 43

A theory of literature and the arts that rejected classical rules and rational order that had shaped aesthetic theory during much of the eighteenth century

Front 44

feminism

Back 44

Movement that sought to expand the rights of women in both public and private life

Front 45

Volksgeist

Back 45

"national spirit"

Front 46

social workshops

Back 46

workshops to improve society

Front 47

nationalism

Back 47

movement that desired uniting an ethnic or national group with excessive patriotism

Front 48

Carbonari

Back 48

Secret Italian nationalist group

Front 49

Hegelian dialectic

Back 49

Belief by a German philosopher that the human mind moved forward by a creation of opposites

Front 50

scientific history

Back 50

Created by von Ranke

Front 51

Slavophilism

Back 51

one of a group of mid-19th century Russian intellectuals who favored traditional cultural practices over Western innovations, esp. in political and religious life.

Front 52

Pan-Slavism

Back 52

the idea or advocacy of a political union of all the Slavic peoples

Front 53

humanitarianism

Back 53

Movement rooted in concern about the cruelty inflicted upon others

Front 54

republicanism

Back 54

Considered by some to be little better than anarchists

Front 55

Louis XVIII

Back 55

Restored Bourbon king in France

Front 56

Charles X

Back 56

Brother of Louis XVIII, took over when he died

Front 57

Metternich

Back 57

Led Austria in intervening and establishing influence

Front 58

Mickiewicz

Back 58

Polish revolutionary

Front 59

Burschenschaft

Back 59

College clubs which served as centers of serious political discussion

Front 60

Carlsbad Decrees

Back 60

dissolved the Burschenschaft and provided for government officials to be placed in the universities as censors

Front 61

Corn Law

Back 61

Raised a protective tariff to the point where import of grain became impossible unless prices were very high

Front 62

Peterloo Massacre

Back 62

Where demonstrators in Manchester were fired upon by soldiers; name meant to compare with the Battle of Waterloo

Front 63

Cato Street Gang

Back 63

Group of people who conspired to assassinate the whole cabinet

Front 64

Six Acts

Back 64

Outlawed "seditious and blasphemous" literature, put a heavy stamp tax on newspapers, authorized the search of private houses for arms, and rigidly restricted the right of public meeting

Front 65

Ypsilanti

Back 65

Greek who led armed followers from Russia into Romania hoping to gain Russian support and incite Greek support to overthrow the Turks

Front 66

Bolivar

Back 66

Led Venezuela and Colombia (and later Peru) to gain independence, nicknamed "The Liberator"

Front 67

San Martin

Back 67

Led Argentina and Chile (and later Peru) to gain independence

Front 68

Nicholas I

Back 68

Took over after his brother Alexander I, died, and ruled Russia with an unconditional and despotic autocracy

Front 69

Holy Alliance

Back 69

Popular term for the collaboration of the European states in congresses. Consisted of Prussia, Russia, and Austria

Front 70

Troppau

Back 70

Congress called by Metternich to discuss Italy

Front 71

Congress of Verona

Back 71

Congress called to deal with Ypsilanti and Spain

Front 72

Monroe Doctrine

Back 72

Put forth by U.S. President James Monroe, it stated that attempts by European powers to return parts of America to colonial status would be viewed as an unfriendly act by the United States

Front 73

Congress System

Back 73

Series of congresses used by European powers to intervene against radical thoughts and revolutions

Front 74

Decembrist revolt

Back 74

Revolution of the officer corps in Russia in favor of Constantine instead of Nicholas in succeeding Alexander I

Front 75

Louis Philippe

Back 75

took over in July Monarchy

Front 76

George Canning

Back 76

Tory foreign minister

Front 77

Robert Peel

Back 77

Tory leader, son of one of the first cotton manufacturers

Front 78

July Ordinances

Back 78

issued by Charles X, included dissolving newly elected Chamber, censorship of press, amended suffrage, and called for a new election

Front 79

July Monarchy

Back 79

When Louis Phillippe

Front 80

Belgian neutrality

Back 80

Negotiated between the French and English, said that Beligum was perpetually neutral

Front 81

Tory

Back 81

Liberal English party

Front 82

Whig

Back 82

Conservative English party

Front 83

Liberal party

Back 83

Also known as the Tories

Front 84

Conservative party

Back 84

Also known as the Whigs

Front 85

Factory Act of 1833

Back 85

British bill

Front 86

abolition of slavery

Back 86

Slavery abolished in 1833

Front 87

Great Reform Bill

Back 87

A peaceful revolution in Great Britain

Front 88

repeal of Corn Laws

Back 88

symbol of change coming over England

Front 89

bourgeoisie

Back 89

"employer"

Front 90

Poor Law of 1834

Back 90

corrected evils of old poor laws, but followed stern principles of dismal science: make relief work more unpleasant than any job

Front 91

boom-bust

Back 91

referred to the economic situation of Europe in the 1830s

Front 92

Chartism

Back 92

British socialism movement that demanded annual election of the House of Commons, universal suffrage for all adult males, a secret ballot, equal electoral districts, abolition of propertry requirements for House of Commons, and payment of salaries to elected members of Parliament