Chapter 11 Micro Exam

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Human microbiome project

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Project of the national Institutes of Health to identify microbial inhabitants of the human body and their role in the health and disease; uses metagenomic techniques instead of culturing.

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Abscess

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An inflamed fibrous lesion enclosing a core of pus

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Adhesion

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The process by which microbes gain a more stable foothold at the portal of entry; often involves a specific interaction between the molecules of the microbial surface interceptors on the host cell

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Bacteremia

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The presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood

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Carrier

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A person who Harbors infections and inconspicuously spreads them to others.

Also a chemical agent that can accept an atom, chemical radical, or sub atomic particle from one compound and pass it on to another

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Common source epidemic

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An outbreak of disease in which all affected individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen, even if they were exposed to from times

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Communicable

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An infection that can be passed from one individual to another

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Contagious

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Communicable ;transmissible by direct contact with infected people and their fresh secretions or excretions

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Convalescence period

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The period After a clinical infection when the infected individual is recovering from an illness in resolving symptoms

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Edema

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The accumulation of fluid in cells, tissues, or serious cavities. Also called swelling

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Endotoxin

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A bacterial toxin that is not ordinarily released ( as is exotoxin ). It is composed of a phospholipid saccharide complex that is an integral part of gram-negative bacterial cell walls and can cause severe shock and fever

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Epidemic

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A sudden and simultaneous outbreak or increase in the number of cases of disease in a community

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Epidemiology

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The study of the factors affecting the prevalence and spread of disease within a community

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Etiological agent

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The microbial cause of disease; the pathogen

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Exoenzymes

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An extracellular enzyme chiefly for hydrolysis of nutrient macromolecules. These molecules function in decomposition of organic degrees and can be a factor in invasiveness of pathogens

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Exogenesis

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Originating outside the body

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Exotoxin

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A toxin (usually protein) that is secreted and acts upon a specific cellular Target. Examples include: botulin, tetanospasmin, diphtheria Toxin, and erythrogenic toxin

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Granuloma

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A solid mass or nodule of inflammatory tissue containing modified macrophages and lymphocytes. Usually a chronic pathologic process of diseases such as tuberculosis or syphilis

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Hemolysin

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Any biological agent that is capable of destroying red blood cells in causing the release of hemoglobin. Many bacterial pathogens produce exotoxins that act as hemolysins

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Hemolysis

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The release of hemoglobin that occurs when red blood cells burst

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Incidence

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In epidemiology the number of cases of a disease occurring during a period

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Incubation period

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The period from the initial contact with an infectious agent to the appearance of the first symptoms

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Index case

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The first case of disease identified in an outbreak or epidemic

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Infectious disease

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The state of damage or toxicity in the body caused by an infectious agent

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Inflammation

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a natural, nonspecific response to tissue injury that protects the host from further damage. It stimulates immune reactivity and blocks the spread of an infectious agent

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Koch's postulates

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A procedure to establish the specific cause of disease. In all cases of Infection: (1) the agent must be found; (2) inoculations of pure culture must reproduce the same disease in animals;(3) the agent must again be present in the experimental animal; and (4) a pure culture must again be obtained

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Latency

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The state of being inactive. Example: of latent virus latent infection

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Leukocidin

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The Heat-liable protein produced by bacteria that impairs and sometime lysis leukocytes

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Leukocytosis

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An abnormally large number of leukocytes in blood which can be indicative of acute infection

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Leukopenia

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A lower than normal leukocyte count in the blood that can be indicative of blood infection or disease

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Lymphadenitis

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Inflammation of 1 or more lymph nodes. Also called lymphadenopathy

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Metagenomics

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The study of all the genomes in a particular biological niche, as opposed to individual genomes from single species

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Microbial antagonism

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Relationship in which microorganisms compete for survival in a common environment by taking actions that inhibit or destroy another organism

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Morbidity rates

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The number of persons afflicted with an illness under question or with illness in general ; Expressed as a numerator with the denominator of being some unit of population (as in X / 100,000)

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Mortality rate

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The number of persons who have died as the result of a particular cause or due to all causes; expressed as a numerator, with the denominator being some unit of the population (As in X / 100,000)

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Point Source Epidemic

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An outbreak of disease in which all affected individuals were exposed to a single source of the pathogen at a single point in time.

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portal of entry

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Route of entry for an infectious agent.

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portal of exit

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Route through which a pathogen departs from the host organism.

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prevalence

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The total number of cases of a disease in a certain area and time period.

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prodromal stage

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A short period of mild symptoms occurring at the end of the period of incubation. It indicates the onset of disease.

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propagated epidemic

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An outbreak of disease in which the causative agent is passed from affected persons to new persons over the course of time.

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reportable disease

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Those diseases that must be reported to health authorities by law.

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reservoir

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In disease communication, the natural host or habitat of a pathogen.

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septicemia

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Systemic infection associated with microorganisms multiplying in circulating blood.

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sequela

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A morbid complication that follows a disease.

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sign

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Any abnormality uncovered upon physical diagnosis that indicates the presence of disease. It is an objective assessment of disease.

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sporadic

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Description of a disease that exhibits new cases at irregular intervals in unpredictable geographic locales.

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symptom

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The subjective evidence of infection and disease as perceived by the patient.

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syndrome

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The collection of signs and symptoms that, taken together, paint a portrait of the disease.

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toxin

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A specific chemical product of microbes, plants, and some animals that is poisonous to other organisms.

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transmitter

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The individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired.

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true pathogen

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A microbe capable of causing infection and disease in healthy persons with normal immune defenses.

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universal precautions (UPs)

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines for health care workers regarding the prevention of disease transmission when handling patients and body substances.

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viremia

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The presence of viruses in the bloodstream.

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virulence

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In infection, the relative capacity of a pathogen to invade and harm host cells.

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virulence factors

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A microbe’s structures or capabilities that allow it to establish itself in a host and cause damage.

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zoonosis

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An infectious disease indigenous to animals that humans can acquire through direct or indirect contact with infected animals.

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Necrosis

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A pathological process in which cells and tissue die and disintegrate

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Non-communicable

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An infectious disease that is not transmitted from host to host

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Normal biota

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The native microbial forms that an individual harbors

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Nosocomial infection

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An infection not present upon admission to a hospital, but incurred while being treated there

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Opportunistic pathogen

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An infection, ordinarily non-pathogenic or weakly pathogenic microbes that cause disease primarily in an immunological compromised host

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Pandemic

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A disease affecting an increased proportion of the population over a wide geographic area (often worldwide)

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Pathogen

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Any agents (usually a virus, bacterium, fungus, protozoan, or helminth) that causes disease

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Pathogenicity

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The capacity of microbes to cause disease

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Period of invasion

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Period during a clinical infection when the Infectious agent multiplies at high levels, exhibit its greatest toxicity, and becomes well established in the target tissues

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Phagocyte

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A class of white blood cells capable of engulfing other cells and particles