Chapter 11 Introduction To Organic Molecules And Functional Groups

Front 1

Organic Chemistry

Back 1

is the study of compounds that contain the element carbon

Front 2

These organic chemicals

Back 2

affect virtually every facet of our lives, and for this reason, it is important and useful to know something about them

Front 3

CH4

Back 3

Methane the main component of natural gas burns in the presence of oxygen

Front 4

Ethanol

Back 4

is formed by the fermentation of sugar and can can produced in the lab exactly the same

Front 5

Capsaicin

Back 5

the compound responsible for the spiciness of hot peppers is the active ingredient in several topical creams for pain

Front 6

Caffeine

Back 6

is the bitter-tasting stimulant found in coffee, tea,cola beverages and chocolate

Front 7

All organic compounds contain

Back 7

carbon atoms and most contain Hydrogen atoms. Carbon always forms four covalent bonds and hydrogen forms one covalent bond.

Front 8

Carbon forms

Back 8

single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms

Front 9

A Carbon atom surrounded by four atoms forms four single bonds

Back 9

in Ethane (C2H6) each carbon atom is surrounded by three hydrogen atoms and connect together by a single bond

Front 10

A Carbon atom surrounded by three atoms forms a double bond

Back 10

In ethylene (C2H4) each carbon atom is surrounded by two hydrogen atoms and each Carbon atoms forms a double bond with each other

Front 11

A Carbon atom surrounded by two atoms generally forms a triple bond

Back 11

In acetylene (C2H2) each carbon atom is surrounded by two atoms one hydrogen and one carbon thus each carbon forms a single bond with the hydrogen atom and three with each carbon

Front 12

Organic compounds may also contain elements than carbon and hydrogen

Back 12

any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a heteroatom

Front 13

Each heteroatom forms a characteristic number of bonds

Back 13

determined by its location in the periodic table

Front 14

The common heteroatoms also have nonbonding

Back 14

lone pairs of electrons, so that each atom is surrounded by eight electrons

Front 15

The most common multiple bond between carbon and a heteroatom

Back 15

is carbon oxygen double bond
C=O

Front 16

Carbon forms four strong bonds with itself and other elements

Back 16

Carbon atoms combine together to form rings and chains

Front 17

An atom surrounded by two groups

Back 17

is linear and had a bond angle of 180

Front 18

An atom surrounded by three groups is

Back 18

triangular planar

Front 19

An atom surrounded by four groups places these four groups at the corners of a

Back 19

tetrahedon giving bond angles of approximately 109.5

Front 20

All carbons having four single bonds are

Back 20

tetralhedral

Front 21

Don't forget about lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen and oxygen when determining the

Back 21

shape around these atoms

Front 22

all the atoms are drawn in

Back 22

but the two-electron bond lines are generally omitted
lone pairs o heteratoms are omitted

Front 23

A carbon bonded to

Back 23

3h's becomes CH3
2H's become CH2
1H becomes CH

Front 24

Assume there is a carbon atom

Back 24

at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line

Front 25

Assume there are enough hydrogens

Back 25

around carbon to give it four bonds

Front 26

Draw in all heteroatoms and the hydrogens

Back 26

directly bonded to them

Front 27

A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms

Back 27

with characteristic chemical and physical properties

Front 28

A functional group contains a heteroatom

Back 28

a multiple bond or sometimes both a heteroatom and a multiple bond

Front 29

The most common functional groups can be subdivided into three types

Back 29

Hydrocarbons

Compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom
Compounds containing a C=O group

Front 30

Hydroxyl functional group

Back 30

is an OH group that makes Ethanal
CH3CH2OH

Front 31

Hydrocarbons contain

Back 31

only the elements of carbon and hydrogen

Front 32

Alkanes

Back 32

have only C-C single bonds and no functional group Ethane CH3CH3 is a simple alkane

Front 33

Alkenes

Back 33

have only C-C double bond as their functional group
Ethylene CH2+CH2 is a simple alkene

Front 34

Alkynes

Back 34

have a simple C-C triple bond as their functional group
Acetylene HCthree lines CH is a simple alkyne

Front 35

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Back 35

contain a benezene ring a six membered ring with three double bonds

Front 36

An Aldehyde

Back 36

has a hydrogen atom bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon

Front 37

A carboxylic acid

Back 37

contains an OH group directly to the Carbonyl carbon

Front 38

an ester contains

Back 38

an OR group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon

Front 39

Organic compounds exist as discrete molecules

Back 39

with much weaker intermolecular forces--the forces that exist between molecules--than those seen in ionic compounds which are held together by very strong interactions of oppositely charge ions

Front 40

A covalent bond is nonpolar when two atoms

Back 40

of identical or similar electronegativity are joined together thus C-C and C-H bonds are non polar bonds

Front 41

A covalent bond is polar when atoms of different electronegativity

Back 41

are joined together thus bonds between carbon and common heteroatoms (N O and the HAlogens) are polar bonds

Front 42

The symbol theta+ is given to the less electronegative atom

Back 42

usually C or H

Front 43

the sybol theta - is given to the more electronegative atom

Back 43

usually N, O, or a halogen

Front 44

Hydrocarbons are

Back 44

nonpolar molecules

Front 45

If the individual bonds dipoles

Back 45

cancel in a molecule , the molecule is nonpolar

Front 46

Most organic compounds

Back 46

are soluble in organic solvents

Front 47

Hydro carbons and other nonpolar

Back 47

organic compounds are not soluble in water

Front 48

Polar organic compounds are

Back 48

water soluble if they are small and contain a nitrogen or oxygen atom that can hydrogen bond with water

Front 49

A fat soluble vitamin dissolves

Back 49

in an organic solvent but is insoluable in water Fat-soluble vitamins have many nonpolar C-C and C-H bonds and few polar functional groups

Front 50

A water soluble vitamin dissolves

Back 50

in water Water soluble vitamins have many polar bonds