Chapter 11 Industries, Ideas, And The Struggle For Reform

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In 1773 he invented the fly shuttle, by which only one person instead of two was needed to weave cloth on a demand for yarn.

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Kay

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He patented the water frame, a device for the multiple spinning of many threads. He introduced the steam engine to drive his spinning machinery. He gathered his engines, frames, and workers into large and usually dismal buildings.

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Arkwright

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Connecticut inventor who invented the cotton gin. It sped up the removal of seeds which greatly increased the output of cotton.

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Whitney

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Built the first economically significant steam engine, which was soon widely used to drive pumps in the coal mines. However it could only be used in coal fields because it consumed so much fuel in proportion to to power that it delivered.

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Newcomen

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He made improvements on Newcomen's engine. He formed a business partnership with Boulton. They manufactured steam engines for British use and for the export trade.

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Watt

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Built the first fully successful locomotive named Rocket. It reached 16 miles per hour and met many important safety tests.

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Stephenson

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Successfully used the steam engine to propel river boats, notably in the Hudson River.

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Fulton

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the gentlemen of England. The British government was substantially in the hands of these landowners. The result was a thorough transformation of farming.

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squirearchy

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Acts which authorized the enclosure by fences, walls, or hedges, of old common lands and unfenced open fields. Land then became under a strict regime of private ownership.

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enclosure

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Invented by John Kay, so only one person was needed to weave a cloth on a loom instead of 2. It resulted in an increased output of cotton.

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fly shuttle

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A kind of mechanized spinning wheel that enabled workers to increase their production of yarn.

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spinning jenny

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Created by Arkwright, it was a device for the multiple spinning of many threads. It was first operated by water power, but in the 1780s the steam engine was introduced to drive his spinning by machinery.

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water frame

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This became practical shortly after 1800. This led to weaving and spinning becoming popular in factories.

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power loom

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This machine sped up the removal of seeds which greatly increased the output of cotton. This spread through the American South where the plantations were revived.

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cotton gin

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locomotive made by George Stephenson, which reached 10 mph and met many important safety tests.

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Rocket

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There is a world of economic relationships autonomous and separable from government or politics. It is the world of the free market and is regulated within itself by certain natural laws.

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classical economists

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Certain natural laws of production and exchange be allowed to work freely in economic markets.

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Manchester School

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Shows that as soon as workers receive more than a subsistence wage they breed more children, who eat up the excess, so that they reduce themselves, and the working class generally to a subsistence level.

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"iron law of wages"

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In England, was a supporter of Romanticism. Their theory of art raised questions on the nature of significant truth, on the importance of human faculties, relations of thought and feeling, and meaning of the past and time itself.

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Byron

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In England, was a supporter of Romanticism. Their theory of art raised questions on the nature of significant truth, on the importance of human faculties, relations of thought and feeling, and meaning of the past and time itself.

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Shelley

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In England, was a supporter of Romanticism. Their theory of art raised questions on the nature of significant truth, on the importance of human faculties, relations of thought and feeling, and meaning of the past and time itself.

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Wordsworth

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In France, was a supporter of Romanticism. Their theory of art raised questions on the nature of significant truth, on the importance of human faculties, relations of thought and feeling, and meaning of the past and time itself.

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Hugo

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In France, was a supporter of Romanticism. Their theory of art raised questions on the nature of significant truth, on the importance of human faculties, relations of thought and feeling, and meaning of the past and time itself.

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Chateaubriand

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French writer who became one of the most influential literary women of the 1840s. Her many novels and essays portrayed independent women. Critics mocked her for wearing male clothing and living with men outside marriage. However she was a model for both supporters and enemies of the new feminism.

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Sand

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In Germany, was a supporter of Romanticism. Their theory of art raised questions on the nature of significant truth, on the importance of human faculties, relations of thought and feeling, and meaning of the past and time itself.

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Schiller

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In Germany, was a supporter of Romanticism. Their theory of art raised questions on the nature of significant truth, on the importance of human faculties, relations of thought and feeling, and meaning of the past and time itself.

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Schlegal

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One of the first cotton lords who created a model community for his own employees, paying high wages, reducing hours, correcting vice and drunkness, built schools and housing company stores for cheap sale of workers necessities.

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Robert Owen

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Nobleman who had faught in the War of American Independence, accepted the French revolution, and wrote many books on social problems. His followers were known as Saint-Simonians, and were among the first clear exponents of a planned society.

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Saint-Simon

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Doctorine thinker who subkected all social institutions to a sweeping condemnation. His program took the form of proposing that society be organzied in small units which he termed "phalansteries", each doing work to serve his or her inclanation.

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Fourier

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Paris journalist was was editor of Revue de progres and author of Organization of Work. He proposed a system of social workshops or state-supported manufacturing centers, in which the workers should labor by and for themselves without the intervention of private capitalists.

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Blanc

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Italian who spent most of his adult life in exile in France and England. Nationality and revolution were a holy cause in which the most generous and humane qualities were to find expression. He was a moral philosopher, in which duty to nation intermediate between duty to family and God.

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Mazzini

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Founders of the modern science of comparative linguistics, who travelled to Germany to study the popular dialects and collected the folktakes that for generations had been current among the common people.

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the Brothers Grimm

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19th century thinker was said for a person to enjoy freedom it must possess a potent and independent state, which became the institutional embodiment of reason and liberty. He became a philosopher of history.

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Hegel

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Held that the political economy as taught in England was suited only to England. He became a founder of the historical or institutional school of economics. Said that any civilized city should have cities, factories, industries, and capital of its own. It must have high tariffs for protection.

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List

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German historian who was the founder of the scientific school of historical writing. Said he had a mission from God to develop a culture and a political system entirely different from those of the French. They were destined to create a pure German state.

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von Ranke

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Published a grammar of his native tongue and a collection of Popular Songs and Epics of the Serbs. He worked out a Serbian alphabet, translated the NT, and declared that the dialect spoken in the city of Ragusa should become the literary language of the South Slavs.

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Vuk Karajich

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Published the first volume of his History of Bohemia, designed to give the Czechs a new pride in their national past. He first wrote his book in German but soon recast it into Czech.

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Palacky

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Polish poet and revolutionary, who taught slavic literature after being exiled and arrested. He wrote epic poems on Polish historical themes and continued to be active among the revolutionary Polish exiles settles in France.

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Mickiewicz

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Author of many writings from 1776 to 1832 that undertook to reform the English criminal and civil law, church, Parliament, and constitution.

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Jeremy Bentham

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Originated in England and included the few working class leaders who were beginning to emerge but also new industrial capitalists. They wanted to extend liberal arguments for individual rights to much wider segments of the population.

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radicalism

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There was an emphasis on the rights and liberties that individuals should possess in every well-ordered, modern society. They were usually persons of the business and professional classes, together with landownders wishing to improve their estates. They set a high value on parliamentary or representative government working through legislation. Demanded full publicity for all actions of government. They were against feminism and advocated freedom of trade.

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liberalism

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Generally shared political attitudes of republicanism but added other views besides. They thought the existing economic ststem as unjust. They thought it improper for owners of wealth to have so much economic power. They disliked competition as a governing economic or social principle.

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socialism

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A theory of literature and arts, it raised basic questions on the nature of significant truth, on the importance of various human faculties, on the relation of thought and feeling, on the meaning of the pat and of time itself. It rejected classical rules and rational order that had shaped aesthetic theory. Focused on creative individuals.

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romanticism

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It sought to expand the rights of women in both public and private life. They argued that the right of man existed also for the women too.

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feminism

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An inherent national character making each people grow in its own distinctive way, which could be known only by a study of its history. This was the "national spirit" which emphasized the national differences of their own people.

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Volksgeist

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Invented by Blanc, these were state-supported manufacturing centers in which the workers should labor by and for themselves without the intervention of private capitalists.

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social workshops

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This arose in many places as part of the general reaction against the international Napoleonic system, It drew strength from specific cultural and political traditions in each country. It was easily aroused when national interests were questioned but normally taken for granted.

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nationalism

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Organized in Italy in the time of Napoleon, it was one of the secret nationalist socieies. Members were initiated by a complex ritual intended to impress upon them the dire consequences.

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Carbonari

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Irrestible tendency of the Universal Spirit and the human mind to move forward by the creation of opposites. A given thesis would produce the conception of an opposite thesis which would result in the fusion of the two.

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Hegelian dialectic

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The idea that Russia possessed a way of life of its own, different and not to be corrupted by that of Europe. It became a Russian affirmation of the fundamental idea of the Volksgeist. They were at least as old as the opposition to the reforms of Peter the Great.

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Slavophilism

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the progression of science throughout history. There were many improvements and advancements to make this possible.

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scientific history

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Merged from Russian Slavophilism, and it made the same assertions to the Slavic peoples as a whole. This occured in the 19th century.

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Pan-Slavism

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It began with the heightened concern about the cruelty inflicted upon others. Because of this torture disappeared, conditions in prisons, hospitals, insane asylums, and orphanages improved. People became determined to change the miserable conditions of the lower class workers.

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humanitarianism

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Most followers were people such as students and writers, from working class leaders protesting social injustice, and from elderly veterans. They looked at the prospect of another revolutionary upheaval and often formed secret societies. They were believers of universal male suffrage and favored parliamentary government and were anticlerical. They opposed a monarchy of any kind.

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republicanism

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The restored Bourbon king of France, he began his reign with amnesty to the regicides of 1793. He could not control the frenzy of reaction to the white terror that broke out. This is where counterrevolutionaries broke out.

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Louis XVIII

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He succeeded Louis XVIII, who was his brother. He was the father of the recently murdered Duke de Berry. He also had been acknowledged as the leader of implacable counterrevolution. He refarded himself as hereditary absolute monarch by the grace of God.

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Charles X

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Was a member of the Germanic federation and had authority in Austria. He regarded all German national spirit and the demand for a more national Germany as a threat to the favorable position of the Austrian Empire and the balance of Europe. He called a conference of the principal German states as Carlsbad, and they adopted certain resolutions, enacted by the diet of the Bund. It dissolved the Burschenschaft and the equally nationalistic gymnastic clubs. Censors controlled the contents of books and officials were placed in the universities.

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Metternich

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Was arrested in response to the finding and breaking up of a secret society filled with counterrevolutionaries.

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Mickiewicz

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A kind of German youth movement. It had many centers of serious political discussion and they replaced older clubs that were devoted to drinking and dueling. These were formed by universities, and there was a congress at Wartburg in 1817 that held many rousing speeches by patriotic professors and burned reactionary books.

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Burschenshaft

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Proposed by Metternich, these dissolved the Burschenshaft and the nationalistic gymnastic clubs. They censored books and placed government officials in universtities as supervisors. It imposed an effective check on the growth of liberal and nationalistic ideas in Germany.

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Carlsbad Decrees

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This was controlled by the land owning gentry who controlled Parliament. They raised the protective tariff to the point were the imput if grain became impossible unless prices were very high. Landlords and farmers benefitted but wage earners and industrial workers found the price soaring out of reach. There was also a postwar depression in industry.

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Corn Law

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This riot broke out in London in December 1816. The Prince Regent was attacked in his carriage. The government suspended habeas corpus and employed agents. Industrialists took the change offered by the distress of the working classes to organize meetings of protest. There was a mock Parliament and at Manchester there was a demonstration of St. Peter's Fields where they demanded universal male suffrage, annual elections of the house of commons, and repeal of the corn law. They were fired upon by soldiers and 11 people were killed.

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Peterloo Massacre

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This was a group of revolutionaries who plotted to assassinate the whole cabinet at a dinner but they were caught in Cato Street and 5 were hanged.

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Cato Street Gang

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These outlawed seditious and blasphemous literature, put a heavy stamp tax on newspapers, authorized the search of private houses for arms, and rigidly restricted the rights of public meeting.

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Six Acts

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Greek who spent his time in the Russian military, led a band of armed followers from Russia to Romania. He hoped many Turkish pro-Greeks would join him. He wanted to weaken the Turkish empire, but this thought was unpleasing to Metternich so they dealt with this issue at the Congress of Verona.

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Ypsilanti

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known as"The Liberator" of Venezuela and Colombia, for his leadership of the South American revolutionary movement. He had lived in Europe and was strongly influenced by the French Revolution. He also became president of Gran Colombia after he participated in the foundation of the Republic of Colombia.

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Bolivar

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liberator of Argentina and Chile, and helped with the liberation of Peru. He had spent years in Europe and preferred the new constitutional principles but were in the end frustrated in their aspirations for their own country.

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San Martin

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Him and Constantine were the heirs after Alexander died. He became the leader after Constantine renounced him claim because he felt Nicholas was the rightful heir. He maintained an unconditional and despotic autocracy in Russia.

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Nicholas I

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coalition of Russia, Austria and Prussia created in 1815 at the behest of Czar Alexander I of Russia, signed by the three powers in Paris on September 26, 1815.[1] Ostensibly it was to instill the Christian values of charity and peace in European political life, but in practice Klemens Wenzel von Metternich made it a bastion against revolution. The monarchs of the three countries involved used this to band together in order to prevent revolutionary influence (especially from the French Revolution) from entering these nations. It was against democracy, revolution, and secularism. Except for the United Kingdom, the Papal States and the Ottoman Empire, all other European states joined. The Holy Alliance was, in a manner of speaking, the first modern international peacekeeping organization, although it was rooted in their own models of politics.

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Holy Alliance

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The Great powers met here in a meeting called by Metternich. Here Alexander declared he was wrong and Metternich was right. The protocol of Troppau held that all recognized European states should be protected by collective international action, in the interests of general peace and stability, from internal changes brought about by force. It was a statement of collective security against revolution. Neither France nor Britain signed it.

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Troppau

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Proposed by the French that it be authorized to dispatch an army across the Pyrenees. The Congress welcomed the offer and a French army moved into Spain. The campaign proved to be a military promenade through a cheering country.

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Congress of Verona

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Stated that attempts by European powers to return parts of America to colonial status would be viewed as an unfriendly act by the U.S. It was mostly against Britain because it was the only power that could actually threaten the independence of American states at the time.

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Monroe Doctrine

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The attempt at a formal international regulation of European affairs was given up. The congresses failed to make progress toward international order because they came to stand for nothing except preservation of status quo. They made no attempt to accomodate the new forces that were shaping Europe. It was not the policy of the congresses to forestall revolution by demanding that governments institute reforms. They simply repressed or punished all revolutionary agitation. They propped up governments that could not stand on their own feet.

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Congress System

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After Alexander died there were 2 heirs, Constantine and Nicholas. Many in favor of Constantine went through the streets shouting he had won. This was soon put down and 5 of the officers were hanged, and many others condemned to forced labor or interned in Siberia. It was the first manifestation of the modern revolutionary movement in Russia, inspired by an ideological program. The immediate effect was to clamp repression upon Russia more firmly.

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Decembrist revolt

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Became duke of orleans, was a relative of the Bourbons, and he was given the throne. He is known as the Orleanist.

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Louis Philippe

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foreign minister in England who was one of the leaders of the Tory regime.

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George Canning

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Son of one of the first cotton manufacturers who was one of the leaders of the Tory regime.

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Robert Peel

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King Charles X issued these as a result of the elections repudiating his authority. One dissolved the newly elected Chamber before it had ever met, another imposed censorship on the press, the third so amended the suffrage as to reduce the voting power of bankers, merchants, and industrialists, and the fourth called for an election on the new basis.

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July Ordinances

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The regime of Louis Phillippe is known as this. It was revolutionary, there was no more absolutism, and the Chamber of Deputies ceased to be hereditary. The right to vote was based on amount of land. The big land owners thought this was the stopping place of political progress, but ot others it was an annoyance.

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July Monarchy

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Formed by the Treaty of 1831 and said Belgium was a neutral state that was incapable of forming alliances and guaranteed against invasion of all 5 of the great powers. It was to prevent the annexation of Belgium to France.

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Belgian neutrality

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This group was sensitive to the needs of British business and liberal doctrines of free colonies. They undermined the legal position of the Church of England, and wanted a secular state. It also repealed old laws.

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Tory

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Minority party who went against the existing system so the whig ministry resigned. The whigs then resumed office and introduced their reform bill, that still failed in the house of lords. the passage of the bill was the only way to prevent revolution so the whigs got the king to promise to make the whigs majority and the reform bill became law.

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Whig

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Formed from the whigs who carried out the reform bill gradually merged with formerly radical industrialists and with a few liberal tories.

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Liberal Party

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The main body of the tories joined by a few old whigs and even some former radicals became this party.

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Conservative Party

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forbade the labor of children less than nine yrs old in textile mills. It provided paid inspectors and procedures for enforcement.

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Factory Act of 1833

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In 1833 slavery was abolished in the British empire. This came after the reform bill that changed many things.

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abolition of slavery

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The Whigs got this to be passed. It adapted the english or medieval system rather than following the new ideas of the french revolution. Votes were still distributed on economic status. Increased size of electorate and redistributed by region and class.

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Great Reform Bill

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Done by the anti corn law league. It was because the the tariff on grain imports kept up the price of food. It worked to the disadvantage of England's export trade. It stands as a symbol of the change that had come over England.

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repeal of Corn Laws

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The upper middle class, someone who was not of nobility but enjoyed income from business, profession, or ownership of property.

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bourgeoisie

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Its main principle was to safeguard the labor market by making relief more unpleasant than any job. It granted relief only to persons willing to enter a workhouse, or poorhouse.

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Poor Law of 1834

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great buildup in the price of a particular commodity or, alternately, the localized rise in an economy, often based upon the value of a single commodity, followed by a downturn as the commodity price falls due to a change in economic circumstances or the collapse of unrealistic expectations.

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boom-bust

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first mass working class labour movement in the world. Its leaders have often been described as either "physical force" or "moral force" leaders, depending upon their attitudes to violent protest.

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Chartism