Chapter 11 (Dempgraphics)

Front 1

Sustainable Development (pg345,chpter12)

Back 1

"The growth of limits"idea
*Economic growth that does not deplete the resources needed to maintain life and prosperity

Front 2

Carrying Capacity (Pg 340, Chapter12)

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The maxumum number of humans and living species that can be supported by a given territory
(the earths ability to sustain life)

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Tragedy of the Global Commons
(pg 357,chpter12)

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explains the impact of human behavior on ecological systems, that explains how rational self-interested behavior by individuals may have a destructive collective impact.

Front 4

Neo-Malthusians
(pg 344)

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Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth

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Cornucopians
(p344, Chapeter12)

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Optimists who question limits-to-growth analyses and conted that markets effectively maintain a balance between population resources, and the environment.

Front 6

Biodiversity
(Page 350)

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the variety of plant and animal species living in the Earth's diverse ecosystems

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Desertification (351)

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the creation of desserts due to soil erosion, overfarming, and deforestation which converts crop land into nonproductive arid sand.

Front 8

Deforestation (page 350)

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the process of clearing and destroying forest

Front 9

Climate Change (pg 346)

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the gradual rise in Earth's temperature may be caused by an increase in human made gases that alter the atmosphere's insulating effects.
EX: CO2, (CFC'S) create a greenhouse effect, causing global temperatures to rise

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Causes of High Population Growth Rates

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-Population momentum: results from the large number of women entering childbearing years
-Migration
-Longevity (global aging) life expectancy is increasing

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Epidemic Definition

Back 11

?

Front 12

Pandemic Definition

Back 12

?

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Demographic Transition Theory

Back 13

?

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Energy

Back 14

?

Front 15

Chapter 16
Mediation

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a conflict resplution procedure which a THIRD PARTY proposes a nonbinding solution to the disputants

Front 16

Chapter 16
Arbitration

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When a third party offers a binding decision abut the disputant’s claims through an ad hoc forum

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Adjudication

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When a third party offers a binding decision about a conflict through an institutionalized tribunal such as a court

Front 18

Arbitration

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When a third party offers a binding decision about the disputants claims through an ad hoc forum

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Preemption

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The quick first strike military attack in self defense to prevent an aggressor from launching a war of aggression for which there is overwhelming evidence that the aggressors threat is real and immenent

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Balance of Power Theory

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the idea that national security is enhanced when military capabilities are distributed so that no one state is strong enough to dominate all others. If one state gains inordinate power, balance of power theory predicts that it will take advantage of its strength and attack weaker states

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Alliance Disadvantages

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reduces the states capacity to adapt to changing circumstances
-decreases the number of additional partners with which it can align
-provoke fears of adversaries
-entangle states in disputes with their allies enemies
-preserves existing rivalries
-stimulates envy and resentment to those not receiving alliance benefits

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Alliance ADVANTAGES

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provide greater security because membersreduce the probability of being attacked
-they obtain greater strength in case of an attack
-preclude their allies from alliance with the enemy

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ALLIANCES

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coalitions of 2 or more states that combine their military capabilities and promise to coordinate their policies to increase mutual security

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JUST WAR THEORY

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The throretical criteria under which it is morally permissible or "JUST" for a state to go to war and the methods by which a just war might be fought

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MAD

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Mutual Assured Destruction
-Mutual deterrence n which BOTH SIDES possess the ability to survive a first strike with WMD and launch a devastating attack.

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Deterrence:

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seeks to dissuade an adversary from undertaking some FUTURE action.

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ELEMENTS TO DETERRENCE

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Capabilities: the possesion of military resources that signal to the enemy that threats of military retaliation are possible
-CREDIBILITY: the belief that the actor is willing to act on threats
-Communiciation: the ability to send a potential aggressor the clear message that the threat WILL be carried out

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Second Strike Capability

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a states capability to retaliate after absorbing an adversary's first strike attack with weapons of mass destruction

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Compellance

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a method of coercive diplomacy usually involving an act of war or threat to force an adversary to make concessions against its will

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MOTIVES FOR ARMS TRANSFERS

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-Economic gain b/c producers sell arms abroad to subsidize their arms production at home

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ARMS IMPACTS

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-the toll in lives from wars where people have received arms exceeds tens of millions of people; "peddling death to the poor"
-less democratic countries receive arms in an effort to promote decocratization, but ar often classified as undemocratic in the first place
-Friends can become Foes, causing a BLOWBACK (Afghanistan)

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Collective Security

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A security regime agreed to by the great powers that sets rules for keeping peace, guided by the principle that an act of aggression by any state will be met by a collective response from the rest.

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Sanctions

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Punitive actions (but not military force) by one global actor against another to retaliate for its previous objectionable behavior

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Horizontal Proliferation

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An increas in the number of states that posess nuclear weapons

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Vertical Proliferation

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The expansion of the capabilities of existing nuclear powers to inclict increasing destruction with their nuclear weapons

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Proliferation

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the spread of weapon capabilities from a few to many states in a chain reaction, so that an increasing number of states fain the ability to launch an attack

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Elements of power

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-size of a states economy
-population and territorial size,
-geographic location
-raw materials
lack of dependence on foreign sources of materials
-technological capacity, political culture and values, ideology, decision making and advances in technology, national morale

Front 38

Limitations on International Law

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Sovereignty: states have supreme authority to govern their internal affairs and manage their foreign relations with other states and nonstate actors
-There is no systematic method of amending or revoking treaties
-No judicial body exists to authoritatively identify and record the rules accepted by states, interpret when they apply and identify violations.
-Nothing can be done without the sovereign state's conscent
-There is NO EXECUTIVE body capable of encforcing the rules.

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Principals of International Law

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-State sovereignty(no authority is legal above the state)
-states are the primary subjects of international law
-noninterference principal
-

Front 40

(pg341)SECURITY

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freedom from fear, risk and danger