Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
230 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is the muscular system?
|
Consists only of skeletal muscles |
|
|
What does muscle organization affect?
|
|
|
|
What are fascicles?
|
Muscle cells (fibers) are organized in bundles (fascicles) |
|
|
How are muscles classified?
|
By the way fascicles are organized By relationships of fascicles to tendons |
|
|
What are the four patterns of fascicle organization?
|
Parallel Convergent Pennate Circular |
|
|
Explain parallel muscles
|
-For example, biceps brachii Depends on total number of myofibrils Directly relates to cross section of muscle 1 in. squared (6.45 cm squared) of cross section develops 50lbs (23kg) of tension |
|
|
Explain convergent muscles
|
Muscle fibers pull in different directions, depending on stimulation -For example, pectoral mucles |
|
|
Explain pennate muscles
|
Do not move as far as parallel muscles Contain more myofibrils than parallel muscles Develop more tension than parallel muscles |
|
|
What are unipennates?
|
Fibers on one side of tendon -For example, extensor digitorum |
|
|
What are bipennates?
|
Fibers on both sides of tendon -For example, rectus femoris |
|
|
What are multipennates?
|
Tendon branches within muscle -For example, deltoid |
|
|
What are circular muscles?
|
Open and close to guard entrances of body -For example, orbicularis oris muscle of the mouth |
|
|
What is skeletal motion?
|
|
|
|
What does the type of muscle attachment affect?" |
Power, range, and speed of muscle movement |
|
|
What are levers?
|
Mechanically, each bone is a lever (a rigid, moving structure) |
|
|
What type of force do muscles provide and why?
|
It is required to overcome load (L) |
|
|
What is the function of a lever?
|
To change: Direction of an AF Distance and speed of movement produced by an AF Effective strength of an AF |
|
|
What are the three classes of levers?
|
2. Second-class lever 3. Third-class lever |
|
|
What does the classification of a lever depend on?
|
The relationship between applied force, fulcrum, and resistance |
|
|
Explain a first-class lever
|
Center fulcrum between applied force and load Force and load are balanced |
|
|
Explain a second-class lever
|
Center resistance between applied force and fulcrum A small force moves a large weight |
|
|
Explain a third-class lever
|
Center applied force between load and fulcrum Greater force moves smaller load Maximizes speed and distance traveled |
|
|
Explain an origin in a muscle attachment
|
Most muscles originate or insert on the skeleton The origin is usually proximal to the insertion |
|
|
Explain an insertion in a muscle attachment
|
One moving point of attachment is considered the insertion |
|
|
Explain actions in muscle attachments
|
Body movements -For example flexion, extension, adduction, etc. Described in terms of bone, joint, or region |
|
|
Explain how muscle interactions work
|
Smaller muscles reach maximum tension first, followed by larger, primary muscles |
|
|
What are the three terms used to classify muscles based on their function?
|
Antagonist Synergist |
|
|
What do antagonist (prime mover) muscles do?
|
Produce a particular movement |
|
|
What do antagonist muscles do?
|
Oppose movement of a particular agonist
|
|
|
What do synergist muscles do?
|
Helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist (fixator) |
|
|
Explain muscle opposition
|
-When one contracts the other stretches -Such as flexors-extensors, abductors-adductors, etc. |
|
|
What term should always be included when naming a muscle?
|
Correct names of the muscles include the term "muscle" |
|
|
What are the names of the two muscles that are the exceptions to always having "muscle" in the name? |
Diaphragm |
|
|
What factors go into the descriptive names for skeletal muscles?
|
Origin and insertion Fascicle organization Relative position Structural characteristics Action |
|
|
What does location in the body identify?
|
Example; temporalis muscle |
|
|
What does origin and insertion identify?
|
Second part of the name indicates insertion Example; genioglossus muscle |
|
|
What does fascicle organization identify?
|
Example; rectus (straight) transverse oblique |
|
|
What are the four types of positions when identifying body parts?
|
Internus (profundus) Extrinsic Intrinsic |
|
|
What does it mean if a part of the body is externus or superficialis?
|
Visible at body surface |
|
|
What does it mean if a part of the body is internus or profundus? |
Deep muscles
|
|
|
What does it mean if a part of the body is extrinsic?
|
Muscles outside an organ
|
|
|
What does it mean if a part of the body is intrinsic?
|
Muscles inside an organ |
|
|
What are the structural characteristics of skeletal muscles that go into their names?
|
-Bi = 2, tri = 3 Shape -Trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid Size -Many terms refer to muscle size |
|
|
What are the actions of skeletal muscles that go into their names?
|
-For example; flexor, extensor, retractor Occupations or habits -For example; risor = laughter |
|
|
"Biceps" indicates how many heads?
|
|
|
|
"Triceps" indicates how many heads? |
Three |
|
|
"Quadriceps" indicates how many heads?
|
Four |
|
|
"Abdominal" indicates what region of the body?
|
Abdomen |
|
|
"Ancon" indicates what region of the body?
|
Elbow |
|
|
"Auricular" indicates what region of the body? |
Ear |
|
|
"Brachial" indicates what region of the body?
|
Arm |
|
|
"Capitis" indicates what region of the body? |
Head |
|
|
"Carpi" indicates what region of the body? |
Wrist |
|
|
"Cervicis"indicates what region of the body? |
Neck |
|
|
"Coccygeal" indicates what region of the body?
|
Coccyx |
|
|
"Costal" indicates what region of the body? |
Rib |
|
|
"Cutaneous" indicates what region of the body? |
Skin |
|
|
"Femoris" indicates what region of the body? |
Thigh |
|
|
"Glossal" indicates what region of the body? |
Tongue |
|
|
"Hallux" indicates what region of the body? |
Great toe |
|
|
"Ilium" indicates what region of the body? |
Groin |
|
|
"Inguinal" indicates what region of the body? |
Groin |
|
|
"Lumbar" indicates what region of the body? |
Lumbar region |
|
|
"Nasalis" indicates what region of the body? |
Nose |
|
|
"Nuchal" indicates what region of the body?
|
Back of neck
|
|
|
"Ocular" indicates what region of the body?
|
Eye |
|
|
"Oris" indicates what region of the body? |
Mouth |
|
|
"Palpebra" indicates what region of the body? |
Eyelid |
|
|
"Popliteal" indicates what region of the body?
|
Posterior of knee |
|
|
"Psoas" indicates what region of the body?
|
Loin |
|
|
"Radial" indicates what region of the body? |
Forearm
|
|
|
"Scapular" indicates what region of the body?
|
Scapula |
|
|
"Temporal" indicates what region of the body? |
Temple |
|
|
"Thoracic" indicates what region of the body? |
Thorax |
|
|
"Tibial" indicates what region of the body? |
Tibia, shin |
|
|
"Ulnar" indicates what region of the body? |
Ulna |
|
|
"Anterior" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Front
|
|
|
"External" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization?
|
On the outside |
|
|
"Extrinsic" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Outside the structure
|
|
|
"Inferior" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Below |
|
|
"Internal" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Away from the surface
|
|
|
"Intrinsic" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Within the surface |
|
|
"Lateral" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
On the side |
|
|
"Medial" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Middle |
|
|
"Oblique" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization?
|
Slanting |
|
|
"Posterior" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Back |
|
|
"Profundus" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Deep |
|
|
"Rectus" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization?
|
Straight |
|
|
"Superficial" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Towards the surface |
|
|
"Superior" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Towards the head |
|
|
"Transverse" indicates what position, direction, or fascicle organization? |
Crosswise |
|
|
"Deltoid" indicates what shape of the muscle?
|
Triangle
|
|
|
"Orbicularis" indicates what shape of the muscle?
|
Circle |
|
|
"Pectinate" indicates what shape of the muscle? |
Comb-like
|
|
|
"Piriformis" indicates what shape of the muscle?
|
Pear-shaped |
|
|
"Platy-" indicates what shape of the muscle?
|
Flat |
|
|
"Pyramidal" indicates what shape of the muscle? |
Pyramid |
|
|
"Rhomboid" indicates what shape of the muscle? |
Parallelogram |
|
|
"Serratus" indicates what shape of the muscle? |
Serrated |
|
|
"Splenius" indicates what shape of the muscle?
|
Bandage |
|
|
"Teres" indicates what shape of the muscle? |
Round and long |
|
|
"Trapezius" indicates what shape of the muscle? |
Trapezoid |
|
|
"Alba" indicates what striking feature of the muscle?
|
White
|
|
|
"Brevis" indicates what striking feature of the muscle?
|
Short |
|
|
"Gracilis" indicates what striking feature of the muscle? |
Slender
|
|
|
"Lata" indicates what striking feature of the muscle?
|
Wide |
|
|
"Latissimus" indicates what striking feature of the muscle? |
Widest |
|
|
"Longissimus" indicates what striking feature of the muscle?
|
Longest |
|
|
"Longus" |
Long |
|
|
"Magnus" indicates what striking feature of the muscle?
|
Large |
|
|
"Major" indicates what striking feature of the muscle?
|
Larger |
|
|
"Maximus" indicates what striking feature of the muscle? |
Largest |
|
|
"Minimus" indicates what striking feature of the muscle? |
Smallest |
|
|
"Minor" indicates what striking feature of the muscle?
|
Smaller |
|
|
"Vastus" indicates what striking feature of the muscle?
|
Great |
|
|
"Abductor" indicates what action of the muscle?
|
Movement away
|
|
|
"Adductor" indicates what action of the muscle?
|
Movement towards
|
|
|
"Depressor" indicates what action of the muscle?
|
Lowering movement |
|
|
"Extensor" indicates what action of the muscle? |
Straightening movement |
|
|
"Flexor" indicates what action of the muscle? |
Bending movement |
|
|
"Levator" indicates what action of the muscle? |
Raising movement |
|
|
"Pronator" indicates what action of the muscle?
|
Turning in prone position |
|
|
"Supinator" indicates what action of the muscle?
|
Turning into supine position |
|
|
"Tensor" indicates what action of the muscle? |
Tensing movement |
|
|
"Buccinator" indicates what action of the muscle? |
Tumpeter
|
|
|
"Risorius" indicates what action of the muscle?
|
Laughter
|
|
|
"Sartorius" indicates what action of the muscle?
|
Like a tailor |
|
|
The axial muscles have what functions? |
Move rib cage |
|
|
The axial muscles make up what percent of the skeletal muscles?
|
60% |
|
|
The appendicular muscles have what functions?
|
Support limbs |
|
|
The appendicular muscles make up what percent of the skeletal muscles?
|
40% |
|
|
What are the divisions of the axial muscles and what are they based on?
|
Divisions based on location and function 1. Muscles of the head and neck 2. Muscles of the vertebral column 3. Oblique and rectus muscles 4. Muscles of pelvic floor |
|
|
The muscles of facial expression originate from where?
|
On the skull |
|
|
Extrinsic eye muscles originate from where?
|
On the surface of orbit |
|
|
What do extrinsic eye muscles do? |
Control position of eye |
|
|
What do the muscles of mastication do? |
Move the mandible |
|
|
Muscles of the tongue names end in what? |
Glossus |
|
|
The muscles of the pharynx do what?
|
Begin swallowing process |
|
|
What do the anterior muscles of the neck do?
|
Depress the mandible Support tongue and pharynx |
|
|
What are the muscles that control facial expression?
|
Buccinator Epicranium (scalp) |
|
|
What do orbicularis oris do?
|
Constricts the mouth opening |
|
|
What do the buccinator muscles do?
|
Moves food around the cheeks |
|
|
What are the muscles of the epicranium (scalp)?
|
Temporoparietalis Occipitofrontalis -Frontal and occipital bellies -Separated by epicranial aponeurosis Platysma -Covers anterior surface of neck |
|
|
What are the six intrinsic oculomotor muscles (eye muscles)?
|
1. Inferior rectus 2. Medial rectus 3. Superior rectus 4. Lateral rectus 5. Inferior oblique 6. Superior oblique |
|
|
What are the three muscles of mastication?
|
Temporalis Pterygoid muscles |
|
|
What is the masseter?
|
The strongest jaw muscle |
|
|
What is the temporalis? |
Helps lift the mandible |
|
|
What are the pterygoid muscles? |
Position mandible for chewing |
|
|
What are the muscles of the tongue named for?
|
All named for origin and insertion |
|
|
What are the names of the muscles of the tongue?
|
Styloglossus Genioglossus Hypoglossus |
|
|
What are the muscles of the pharynx?
|
Laryngeal elevator muscles Palatal muscles |
|
|
What is the function of the pharyngeal constrictor muscles?
|
Moves food into esophagus |
|
|
What is the function of the Laryngeal elevator muscles?
|
Elevate the larynx |
|
|
What is the function of the palatal muscles?
|
Lift the soft palate |
|
|
What are the anterior muscles of the neck?
|
Mylohyoid Geniohyoid Stylohyoid Sternocleidomastoid Omohyoid |
|
|
Where are the digastric muscles?
|
From chin to hyoid and from hyoid to mastoid |
|
|
What is the mylohyiod?
|
Floor of the mouth |
|
|
Where is the geniohyoid?
|
Between hyoid and chin |
|
|
Where is the stylohyoid? |
Between hyoid and styloid
|
|
|
Where is the sternocleidomastoid?
|
From clavicle and sternum to mastoid |
|
|
What bones does the omohyoid join?
|
Attaches scapula, clavicle, first rib, and hyoid |
|
|
What are the muscles of the vertebral column?
|
Spinal flexors (transversospinalis) |
|
|
What are the superficial spinal extensors?
|
Longissimus group Iliocostalis group |
|
|
What are the deep spinal extensors?
|
Multifidus muscle Interspinalis muscles Intertransversarii muscles Rotatores muscles |
|
|
Where are the spinal flexors?
|
Neck Lumbar |
|
|
What are the names and functions of the spinal flexors in the neck?
|
Rotate an flex the neck |
|
|
What are the names and functions of the spinal flexors in the lumbar?
|
Flex spine & depress ribs |
|
|
The oblique and rectus muscles are found where?
|
They lie within the body wall |
|
|
What are the functions of the oblique muscles?
|
Rotate vertebral column |
|
|
What are the functions of the rectus muscles? |
Oppose erector spinae |
|
|
What muscles are found in the cervical region?
|
The scalene muscles
|
|
|
What are the functions of the oblique muscles in the cervical region?
|
Flex the neck |
|
|
The intercostal muscles are located where? |
The thoracic region |
|
|
What is the function of intercostal muscles
|
External and internal muscles control respiratory movements of ribs
|
|
|
The transversus thoracis is located where?
|
In the thoracic region |
|
|
What is the function of the transversus thoracis?
|
Cross inner surface of ribs |
|
|
What are the cervical and thoracic region muscles considered?
|
Oblique muscles |
|
|
The abdominopelvic region has the same pattern as what other region?
|
The thoracic |
|
|
The abdominopelvic have what muscles?
|
Internal oblique muscles Transversus abdominis |
|
|
The muscles in the abdominopelvic region are what types of muscles?
|
Oblique muscles |
|
|
Where are the rectus abdominis muscles located?
|
Between xiphoid process and pubic symphysis |
|
|
The rectus abdominis muscles are divided longitudinally by what?
|
The linea alba |
|
|
The rectus abdominis muscles are divided transversally by what?
|
The tendinous inscriptions
|
|
|
The diaphragmatic muscle or diaphragm divides what?
|
Thoracic and abdominal cavities |
|
|
What function does the diaphragm preform? |
Preforms respiration |
|
|
What are the functions of the pelvic floor?
|
Flex sacrum and coccyx Control movement of materials through urethra and anus |
|
|
What is the perineum?
|
Muscular sheet forming the pelvic floor, divided into two sections |
|
|
What are the two sections of the perineum?
|
Posterior anal triangle |
|
|
What muscles make up the urogenital diaphragm?
|
Superficial muscles support external diaphragm |
|
|
What is the function of the deep muscular layer of the pelvic diaphragm?
|
Extends to pubis and supports anal triangle |
|
|
What are the functions of appendicular muscles?
|
Move upper and lower limbs |
|
|
What are the two divisions of appendicular muscles?
|
Muscles of the pelvis and lower limbs |
|
|
What are the four groups of muscles of the shoulders and upper limbs?
|
Muscles that move the arm Muscle that move the forearm and hand Muscles that move the hand and fingers |
|
|
What is the trapezius muscle?
|
Covers back and neck to base of skull Inserts clavicles and scapular spines |
|
|
What are the rhomboid and levator scapulae?
|
Deep to trapezius Attach to cervical and thoracic vertebrae Insert on scapular border Muscle that positions pectoral girdle |
|
|
What is the serratus anterior?
|
On the chest Originates along ribs Inserts on anterior scapular margin |
|
|
What is the subclavius?
|
Originates on ribs Inserts on clavicle |
|
|
What is the pectoralis minor?
|
Attaches to scaupla |
|
|
What is the deltoid?
|
The major abductor |
|
|
What is the supraspinatus?
|
Assists deltoid |
|
|
What are the muscles that position the pectoral girdle?
|
Rhomboid Levator Scapulae Serratus Anterior Subclavius Pectoralis Minor |
|
|
What are the muscles that move the arm?
|
|
|
|
What is the function of the Subscapularis and Teres Major?
|
Produce medial rotation at shoulder |
|
|
What is the function of the Infraspinatus & Teres Minor
|
Produce lateral rotation at shoulder
|
|
|
What are the functions of the Coracobrachialis?
|
Attaches to scapula Produces flexion and adduction at shoulder |
|
|
What is the function of the pectoralis major?
|
Produces flexion at shoulder joint |
|
|
Where is the pectoralis major located?
|
Between anterior chest and greater tubercle of humerus |
|
|
Where is the Latissimus dorsi located?
|
Between thoracic vertebrae and humerus |
|
|
What is the function of the Latissimus dorsi? |
Produces extension at shoulder joint |
|
|
What muscles are involved in shoulder rotation?
|
Supraspinatus, Subscapularis, Infraspinatus, teres minor, and their tendons |
|
|
Muscles that move the forearm and hand originate from and insert to where?
|
Originate on humerus and insert on forearm |
|
|
What are the muscles that move the forearm and hand that don't originate on the humerus and insert on the forearm?
|
The major flexor (biceps brachii) The major extensor (triceps brachii) |
|
|
Where are the extensors when referring to muscles that move the forearm and hand?
|
Mainly on posterior and lateral surfaces of arm |
|
|
Where are the flexors when referring to muscles that move the forearm and hand?
|
Mainly on anterior and medial surfaces
|
|
|
What are the flexors of the elbow?
|
Brachialis Brachioradialis |
|
|
Where does the biceps brachii originate?
|
On scapula |
|
|
Where does the biceps brachii insert?
|
On radial tuberosity |
|
|
What are the functions of the biceps brachii? |
Flexes elbow Stabilizes shoulder joint |
|
|
What are the extensors of the elbow?
|
Anconeus |
|
|
Where do the triceps brachii originate?
|
On scapula |
|
|
Where do the triceps brachii insert? |
On olecranon |
|
|
What is the function of the triceps brachii? |
Extends elbow |
|
|
What is the function of anconeus? |
Opposes brachialis |
|
|
What are the flexor of the wrist?
|
Flexor carpi ulnaris Flexor carpi radialis |
|
|
Describe the palmaris longus
|
Superficial, flexes wrist
|
|
|
Describe the flexor carpi ulnaris
|
Superficial, flexes and adducts wrist |
|
|
Describe the flexor carpi radialis
|
Superficial, flexes and abducts wrist |
|
|
What are the extensors of the wrist?
|
Extensor carpi ulnaris |
|
|
Describe the extensor carpi radialis
|
Superficial, extends and abducts wrist |
|
|
Describe the extensor carpi ulnaris
|
Superficial, extends and a |
