Chapter 11

Front 1

age grade

Back 1

an organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime

Front 2

age set

Back 2

formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through a series of age-grade categories together

Front 3

common-interest association

Back 3

associations that result from an act of joining based on sharing particular activities, objectives, values, or beliefs. Also known as "solidates"

Front 4

stratified society

Back 4

a society in which people are hierarchically divided and ranked into social strata, or layers, and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival, influence, and prestige

Front 5

egalitarian society

Back 5

a society in which everyone has about equal rank, access to, and power over basic resources

Front 6

social class

Back 6

a category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation

Front 7

caste

Back 7

a closed social class in a stratified society in which membership is determined by birth and fixed for life

Front 8

social mobility

Back 8

upward or downward change in one's social class position in a stratified society

Front 9

power

Back 9

the ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes

Front 10

political organization

Back 10

the way power is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally distributed and embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order

Front 11

band

Back 11

a relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent

Front 12

tribe

Back 12

in anthropology, refers to a range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory

Front 13

chiefdom

Back 13

a regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people

Front 14

state

Back 14

in anthropology, a political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory

Front 15

nation

Back 15

a people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history

Front 16

legitimacy

Back 16

the right of political leaders to govern- to hold, use, and allocate power- on the socially accepted customs, rules, or laws that bind and hold a people together as a collective whole

Front 17

cultural control

Back 17

control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals

Front 18

social control

Back 18

external control through open coercion

Front 19

sanction

Back 19

an externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms

Front 20

law

Back 20

formal rules of conduct that, when violated, effectuate negative sanctions

Front 21

negotiation

Back 21

the use of direct argument and compromise by the parties to a dispute to arrive voluntarily at a mutually satisfactory agreement

Front 22

mediation

Back 22

settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased third party

Front 23

adjudication

Back 23

mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision

Front 24

genocide

Back 24

the physical extermination of one people by another, either as a deliberate act or as the accidental outcome of activities carried out by one people with little regard for their impact on others

Front 25

worldview

Back 25

the collective body of ideas that members of a culture generally share concerning the ultimate shape and substance of their reality

Front 26

religion

Back 26

an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control

Front 27

spirituality

Back 27

concern with the sacred, as distinguished from material matters. In contrast to religion, spirituality is often individual rather than collective and does not require a distinctive format or traditional organization

Front 28

polytheism

Back 28

belief in several gods and/or goddesses

Front 29

pantheon

Back 29

the several gods and goddesses of a people

Front 30

animism

Back 30

a belief that nature is animated (enlivened or energized) by distinct personalized spirit beings separable from bodies

Front 31

animatism

Back 31

a belief that nature is enlivened or energized by an impersonal spiritual power or supernatural potency

Front 32

priest/priestess

Back 32

a full-time religious specialist formally recognized for his or her role in guiding the religious practices of others and for contacting and influencing supernatural powers

Front 33

shaman

Back 33

a person who enters an altered state of consciousness- at will- to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality in order to acquire knowledge, power, and to help others

Front 34

taboo

Back 34

a prohibition, which, if not observed, leads to a penalty inflicted by magic, spiritual force, or religion

Front 35

rite or passage

Back 35

a ritual that marks an important stage in an individual's life cycle, such as birth, marriage, and death

Front 36

separation

Back 36

in a rite of passage, the ritual removal off the individual from society

Front 37

transition

Back 37

in a rite of passage, isolation of the individual following separation and prior to incorporation into society

Front 38

incorporation

Back 38

in a rite of passage, reincorporation of the individual into society in his or her new status

Front 39

rite of intensification

Back 39

a ritual that takes place during a crisis in the life of the group and serves to bind individuals together

Front 40

imitative magic

Back 40

magic based on the principle that like produces like; sometimes called sympathetic magic

Front 41

contagious magic

Back 41

magic based on the principle that things or persons once in contact can influence each other after the contact is broken

Front 42

witchcraft

Back 42

an explanation of events based on the belief that certain individuals possess an innate psychic power capable of causing harm, including sickness and death

Front 43

divination

Back 43

a magical procedure or spiritual ritual designed to find out about what is not knowable by ordinary means, such as foretelling the future by interpreting omens

Front 44

revitalization movement

Back 44

a movement for radical cultural reform in response to widespread social disruption and collective feelings of great stress and despair

Front 45

cargo cult

Back 45

a spiritual movement (especially noted in Melanesia) in reaction to disruptive contact with Western capitalism, promising resurrection of deceased relatives, destruction or enslavement of white foreigners, and the magical arrival of utopian riches

Front 46

art

Back 46

the creative use of the human imagination to aesthetically interpret, express, and engage life, modifying experienced reality in the process

Front 47

iconic images

Back 47

culturally specific people, animals, and monsters seen in the deepest stage of trance

Front 48

folklore/oral tradition

Back 48

a term coined by nineteenth-century scholars studying the unwritten stories and other artistic traditions of rural peoples to distinguish between "folk art" and "fine art" of the literate elite.

Front 49

myth

Back 49

a sacred narrative that explains the fundamentals of human existence- where we and everything in our world came from, why we are here, and where we are going

Front 50

legend

Back 50

a story about a memorable event or figure handed down by tradition and told as true but without historical evidence

Front 51

epic

Back 51

a long dramatic narrative recounting the celebrated deeds of a historic or legendary hero- often sung or recited in poetic language

Front 52

tale

Back 52

a creative narrative that is recognized as fiction for entertainment by may also draw a moral or teach a practical lesson

Front 53

motif

Back 53

a story situation in a folktale

Front 54

ethnomusicology

Back 54

the study of a society's music in terms of its cultural setting

Front 55

tonality

Back 55

in music, scale systems and their modifications

Front 56

primary innovation

Back 56

the creation, invention, or chance discovery of a completely new idea, method, or device

Front 57

secondary innovation

Back 57

the deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method or device

Front 58

diffusion

Back 58

the spread of certain ideas, customs, or practices from one culture to another

Front 59

cultural loss

Back 59

the abandonment of an existing practice or trait

Front 60

acculturation

Back 60

massive cultural changes that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society

Front 61

ethnocide

Back 61

the violent eradication of an ethnic group's collective culturally identity as a distinctive people; occurs when a dominant society deliberately sets out to destroy another society's cultural heritage

Front 62

tradition

Back 62

customary ideas and practices passed on from generation to generation, which in a modernizing society may form an obstacle to new ways of doing things

Front 63

syncretism

Back 63

in acculturation, the creative blending of indigenous and foreign beliefs and practices into new cultural forms

Front 64

rebellion

Back 64

organized armed resistance to an established government or authority in power

Front 65

revolution

Back 65

radical change in a society or culture. In the political arena, it involves the forced overthrow of an old government and establishment of a completely new one

Front 66

modernization

Back 66

the process of political and socioeconomic change, whereby developing societies acquire some of the cultural characteristics of Western industrialized societies

Front 67

multiculturalism

Back 67

public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country's borders

Front 68

structural power

Back 68

power that organizes and orchestrates the systemic interaction within and among societies, directing economic and political forces on the one hand and ideological forces that shape public ideas, values, and beliefs on the other

Front 69

hard power

Back 69

coercive power that is backed up by economic and military force

Front 70

soft power

Back 70

co-optive power that presses others through attraction and persuasion to change their ideas, beliefs, values, and behaviors

Front 71

structural violence

Back 71

physical and/or psychological harm (including repression, environmental destruction, poverty, hunger, illness, and premature death) caused by impersonal, exploitative, and unjust social, political, and economic systems

Front 72

replacement reproduction

Back 72

the point at which birthrates and death rates are in equilibrium; people producing only enough offspring to replace themselves when they die

Front 73

internal migration

Back 73

the movement of people within their own country, usually from rural to urban areas

Front 74

external migration

Back 74

the movement of people to another country, either temporarily or permanently

Front 75

paleoanthropology

Back 75

the study of the origins and predecessors of the present human species

Front 76

molecular anthropology

Back 76

a branch of biological anthropology that uses genetic and biochemical techniques to test hypothesis about human evolution, adaptation, and variation

Front 77

forensic anthropology

Back 77

applied sub-field of physical anthropology that specializes in the identification of human skeletal remains for legal purposes

Front 78

primatology

Back 78

the study of living and fossil primates

Front 79

archaeology

Back 79

the study of human cultures through the recovery and analysis of material remains and environmental data

Front 80

cultural resource management (CRM)

Back 80

a branch of archaeology tied to government policies for the protection of cultural resources. It involves surveying and/or excavating archaeological and historical remains threatened by construction or development

Front 81

linguistic anthropology

Back 81

the study of human languages, looking at their structure, history, and/or relation to social and cultural contexts

Front 82

Goidelic tradition

Back 82

the branch of Celtic languages and related cultures that includes Irish, Scottish, and Manx Gaelic, all of which are descended from the Old Irish language

Front 83

urgent anthropology

Back 83

ethnographic research that documents endangered cultures; known as salvage ethnography

Front 84

advocacy anthropology

Back 84

research that is community-based and politically involved

Front 85

digital ethnography

Back 85

the use of digital technologies (audio/visual) for the collection, analysis, and representation of ethnographic data

Front 86

ethnolinguistics

Back 86

a branch of linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture and how they mutually influence and inform each other

Front 87

sociolinguistics

Back 87

the study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories (such as age, gender, ethnicity, religion, occupation, and class) influence the use and interpretation of distinctive styles of speech

Front 88

development anthropology

Back 88

a field of study that applies anthropological perspectives to the multidisciplinary branch of development studies. Focuses primarily on analyzing and understanding the different impacts that international development and economic aid have on the economic, technical, political, and/or social life of a given location in the world, particularly in developing nations

Front 89

bioarchaeology

Back 89

a subspecialty of archaeology; the study of human remains, emphasizing the preservation of cultural and social processes in the skeleton

Front 90

globalization

Back 90

worldwide interconnections, evidenced in global movements of natural resources, trade goods, human labor, finance capital, information, and infectious disease