Chapter 11

Front 1

______ allows info. to be sent along a plasma membrane and across the body.

Back 1

action potential

Front 2

_____ allows you to slowly breakdown fats.

Back 2

betaoxidation

Front 3

_____ occurs when the muscle does not have time to relax completely between twitches, and the force of each twitch builds on the previous one.

Back 3

incomplete tetanus

Front 4

____ occurs when the muscle does not have time to relax at all between stimuli and exhibits a state of continual contraction. Tension declines as the muscle fatigues.

Back 4

complete tetanus

Front 5

What is the total elapsed time for a single myofiber twitch?

Back 5

extremely variable 7-100 msec

Front 6

_____ is a depression in a muscle fiber where it has synaptic contact with a nerve fiber and has a high density of neurotransmitter receptors.

Back 6

motor end plate

Front 7

Vesicular release is the release of ACH into synapse which then opens ___ channels.

Back 7

Na

Front 8

______ is the process of bringing more motor units into play.

Back 8

motor unit summation

Front 9

% of _______ that are ultimately recruited determines the strength of contraction.

Back 9

myofibers

Front 10

In _______ response a muscle contracts completely or not at all

Back 10

all-or-nothing response

Front 11

In _______ response greater stimuli elicit a greater response.

Back 11

graded

Front 12

How does exercise and pre-conditioning affect the potential maximal force generation?

Back 12

makes more actin and myosin in myofibers

Front 13

phases of myofiber depolarization and contraction

Back 13

1) arrival of stimulus at motor end plate
2) latent period
3) contraction phase
4) relaxation phase

Front 14

_____ is a delay between the onset of the stimulus and the onset of the twitch.

Back 14

latent period

Front 15

In the _____ phase muscle begins to produce external tension and move a resisting object.

Back 15

contraction

Front 16

In the ______ phase as Ca2+ level in the cytoplasm falls, myosin releases the thin filaments and muscle tension declines.

Back 16

relaxation phase

Front 17

What does Myathinia gravis destroy?

Back 17

ACH-receptors

Front 18

The toxins, ________, bind to acetylcholinesterase and prevent it from degrading ACH.

Back 18

cholinesterase inhibitors

Front 19

_____ is independent stimuli that shows increasing levels of force

Back 19

Treppe

Front 20

_____ is the result from 1 wave of contraction added to another.

Back 20

wave summation

Front 21

amount of ATP in body

Back 21

1 gram

Front 22

How do we maintain adequate ATP supplies in active muscle when there is so little ATP present at any one time?

Back 22

recycle ATP

Front 23

_____ breaks down sugar

Back 23

glycolysis

Front 24

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 24

cytosol

Front 25

_____ breaks down fat

Back 25

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 26

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Back 26

mitochondria

Front 27

_____ pulls electrons away, H becomes CO2; also area where most ATP is produced.

Back 27

fatty acid oxidation

Front 28

ATP and CP, called ______, provide nearly all the energy used for short bursts of intense activity

Back 28

phosphagens

Front 29

What does phosphocreatine + ADP produce?

Back 29

ATP + creatine

Front 30

ADP + ADP -> AMP + ATP
What is this process?

Back 30

myokinase

Front 31

Cardiac cells depolarize for long period and do not have the quick twitches that are characteristic of _______ muscle.

Back 31

skeletal

Front 32

function of gap junction in cardiac cells

Back 32

for Na+ entry to depolarize

Front 33

Cardiac myocyte membranes become leaky to Na+ and K+ such that it causes pacemaker cells to depolarize. This pacemaker activity is called ________.

Back 33

autorhythmicity

Front 34

The depolarization in cardiac myocytes is passed on to all neighbors via _______.

Back 34

gap junctions

Front 35

_________ modifies the function of the pacemaker cells (heart rate) and the amount of Ca++ that enter during contraction (force of contraction)

Back 35

autonomic nervous system

Front 36

Can the autonomic nervous system tell heart when to turn on and off?

Back 36

No,it can just tell the heart to speed up or slow down

Front 37

Why do cardiac cells need more ATP and more mitochondria than the typical skeletal muscle cell?

Back 37

b/c cardiac cells work 24/7

Front 38

Anything in body with a tube, will probably be what type of muscle?

Back 38

smooth

Front 39

Is smooth muscle connnected by gap junctions?

Back 39

They may or may not be.

Front 40

In skeletal and cardiac muscle the actin and myosin are organized into _____ b/c they have striations.

Back 40

sarcomeres

Front 41

Where is the actin and myosin attached to in smooth muscle cells?

Back 41

plasma membrane and sarcoplasm (no striations)

Front 42

Does smooth muscle use more or less ATP?

Back 42

less

Front 43

Which type of muscle tissue has fewer mitochondria and relies more on glycolysis?

Back 43

smooth

Front 44

What happens to the diameter when smooth muscle shortens?

Back 44

gets smaller

Front 45

What type of muscle tissue is found in the blood vessels, glands, and guts?

Back 45

smooth

Front 46

Smooth muscle cells use calcium entry/calmodulin binding as a signal to activate ______

Back 46

myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)

Front 47

In smooth muscle ______ phosphorolates myosin letting it bind actin and contract.

Back 47

MLCK

Front 48

2 things that have to be removed for smooth muscle cell to relax

Back 48

1)Ca++
2)PO4

Front 49

When a person has asthma there is excess _____ of airways.

Back 49

constriction

Front 50

The solutionn for asthma is to promote dilation by reducing ________.

Back 50

smooth muscle contraction

Front 51

______ is due to excess contraction of blood vessel

Back 51

high blood pressure

Front 52

solution for high blood pressure

Back 52

vasodilator drugs

Front 53

In low blood pressure there isn't enough _____ tone in blood vessels.

Back 53

SMC

Front 54

A solution for low blood pressure is to ____ blood vessels to push blood back to heart.

Back 54

vasoconstrict

Front 55

peristaltic waves in the intestine propel _____.

Back 55

chyme

Front 56

Often the contractions of peristaltic waves in the intestines are not strong enough which leads to ______.

Back 56

constipation

Front 57

What nutrient is a person lacking if they suffer from constipation?

Back 57

calcium

Front 58

solution if someone suffers from hypermotile intestine (diarrhea)

Back 58

reduce intestinal SCM contractile force

Front 59

If someone has a hyperactive bladder, they should improve _______.

Back 59

receptive relaxation

Front 60

______ is the lowest stimulus to which muscle can respond.

Back 60

threshold

Front 61

______ is beyond which an increase in voltage will not cause an increase in force.

Back 61

maximal response