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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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protozoan circulation
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diffusion within the cell
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cnidarian circulation
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all cells are in direct contact with either internal or external environments so there is no need for a specialized circulatory system
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arthropod circulation
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open circulatory system
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open circulatory system
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blood (interstitial fluid) is in direct contact with body tissues
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annelid circulation
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closed circulatory system; aortic loops
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closed circulatory system
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blood is confined to blood vessels
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right side of heart
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pumps deoxygenated blood into pulmonary circulation
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left side of heart
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pumps oxygenated blood into system circulation
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atria
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upper chambers of heart; thin-walled
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ventricles
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lower chambers of heart; muscular
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atrioventricular valves
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located between atria and ventricles on both sides of the heart, prevent backflow of blood into the atria
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tricuspid valve
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valve on right side of heart that has 3 cusps
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mitral valve
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valve on left side of heart that has 2 cusps
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semilunar valves
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have 3 cusps and are located between left ventricle and aorta and between right ventricle and pulmonary artery
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systole
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period during which ventricles contract
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diastole
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period of cardiac muscle relaxation during which blood drains into all 4 chambers
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cardiac output
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total volume of blood the left ventricle pumps out per minute
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sinoatrial node
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pacemaker of the heart; small mass of specialized tissue located in the wall of the right atrium; ordinary cardiac contraction originates in and is regulated here
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atrioventricular node
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impulses arrive here and is conducted slowly to allow enough time for atrial contraction and for the ventricles to fill with blood
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what nervous system modifies rate of heart contraction
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autonomic nervous system
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innervates heart via the vagus nerve and causes decrease in heart rate
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parasympathetic system
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innervates heart via cervical and upper thoracic ganglia and causes increase in heart rate
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sympathetic system
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exerts hormonal control via epinephrine secretion, which causes an increase in heart rate
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adrenal medulla
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arteries
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thick walled, muscular, elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood away from the heart
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pulmonary arteries
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transport deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
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veins
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thinly walled, inelastic vessels that conduct deoxygenated blood toward the heart
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pulmonary veins
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carry oxygenated blood from lungs to heart
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lymph vessels
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transport excess interstitial fluid (lymph) to cardiovascular system, keeping fluid levels in the body constant
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lymph nodes
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swellings along lymph vessels containing phagocytic cells (leukocytes) that fliter the lymph, removing & destroying foreign particles and pathogens
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plasma
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liquid portion of the blood
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erythrocytes
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oxygen-carrying components of blood; formed from stem cells in bone marrow
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primary form of oxygen transport in blood
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oxyhemoglobin
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leukocytes
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white blood cells that serve protective functions and phagocytize foreign matter and organisms like bacteria
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lymphocytes
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white blood cells that are involved in immune responses and production of antibodies (B cells) or cytolysis of infected cells (T cells)
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platelets
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cell fragments that lack nuclei and are involved in clot formation
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functions of circulatory system
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1. transport of gases
2. transport of nutrients and waste 3. clotting 4. immunity |
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clotting
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platelet plug releases thromboplastin which converts prothrombin into thrombin which converts fibrinogen into fibrin
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serum
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fluid left after blood clotting
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antigens
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non self entities
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humoral immunity
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specific immune system which involves production of antibodies
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cell mediated immunity
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specific immune system which involves cells that combat fungal and viral infection
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nonspecific defense mechanisms
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1. skin
2. mucous-coated epitelia 3. macrophages 4. inflammation 5. interferons |
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allergic reaction
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inappropriate response to certain foods and pollen can cause the body to form antibodies and release histamine
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antibodies/immunoglobulins
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proteins that recognize and bind to specific antigens and trigger immune system to remove them
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active immunity
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production of antibodies during an immune response; vaccination
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passive immunity
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involves transfer of antibodies produced by another individual or organism
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translocation
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circulation in plants
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primary organ of transport in plants
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stem
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xylem
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thick-walled, hollow cells located on inside of vascular bundle; carry water and minerals up the plant and give the plant rigid support
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transpiration pull
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as water evaporates from the leaves of the plants, a vacuum is created that pulls water up the stem
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capillary action
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any liquid in a thin tube will rise because of the surface tension of the liquid and interactions between the liquid and the tube
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root pressure
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water entering root hairs exerts a pressure that pushes water up the stem
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phloem
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thin walled cells on the outside of the vascular bundle; transport nutrients down the stem
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cambium
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actively dividing, undifferentiated cells that give rise to xylem and phloem; found between xylem and phloem cell layers
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structure of woody stem outside to inside
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epidermis, cortex, phloem, cambium, xylem, pith
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