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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Binary Fission |
"Division in Half." A kind of asexual reproduction. Most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes. After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal sized daughter cells. |
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Septum |
A dividing wall, membrane, or the like |
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Septation |
Division into parts by a septum |
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Mitosis |
A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth
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Haploid |
Having a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
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Diploid |
Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
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Homologous |
Pairing at meiosis and having the same structural features and pattern of genes |
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Homologue |
A homologous thing |
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Chromatin |
The material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA
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Chromosome |
A threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes
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Heterochromatin |
Chromosome material of different density from normal (usually greater), in which the activity of the genes is modified or suppressed
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Euchromatin |
Chromosome material that does not stain strongly except during cell division. It represents the major genes and is involved in transcription
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Histone Proteins |
Found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. They are the chief protein components of chromatin, acting as spools around which DNA winds, and playing a role in gene regulation
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Nucleosome |
A structural unit of a eukaryotic chromosome, consisting of a length of DNA coiled around a core of histones
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Condensin |
Large protein complexes that play a central role in chromosome assembly and segregation during mitosis and meiosis
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Karyotype |
The number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species
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Cohesions |
The molecular attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass |
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Chromatids |
Each of the two threadlike strands into which a chromosome divides longitudinally during cell division. Each contains a double helix of DNA
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Centromere |
The point on a chromosome by which it is attached to a spindle fiber during cell division |
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Cell Cycle |
A series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides
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G1 (Gap Phase 1) |
In this part of interphase, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis |
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S (Synthesis) |
The part in which DNA is replicated |
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G2 (Gap Phase 2) |
The period in the cell cycle from the completion of DNA replication to the beginning of cell division |
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Interphase |
The resting between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis |
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Mitosis |
A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth
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Cytokinesis |
The cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells
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M Phase |
The division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define this |
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G0 Phase |
"Resting Phase." A period in the cell cycle in which cells exist in a quiescent state. Viewed as either an extended G1 phase, or a distinct quiescent stage that occurs outside of the cell cycle |
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Kinetochore |
Another term for centromere
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Centrioles |
A minute cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division |
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Tubulin |
A protein that is the main constituent of the microtubules of living cells |
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Prophase |
During this, the chromosomes become visible as paired chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears. |
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Spindle |
A collection of minute fibers composed of microtubules, which are prominent during cell division |
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Aster |
A star-shaped structure formed during division of the nucleus of an animal cell |
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Prometaphase |
Phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase in eukaryotic somatic cells |
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Metaphase |
During this phase, the chromosomes become attached to spindle fibers |
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Anaphase |
The phase in which the chromosomes move away from one another to opposite poles of the spindle |
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Telophase |
The phase in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed |
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Cleavage Furrow |
The indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane in the process of cell division |
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Cell Plate |
Develops at the midpoint between two groups of chromosomes in a dividing cell and that is involved in forming the wall between the two new daughter cells |
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Middle Lamella |
A pectin layer which cements the cell walls of two adjoining cells together. Plants need this to give them stability and so that they can form plasmodesmata between the cells. The first formed layer which is deposited at the time of cytokinesis |
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Cyclins |
Any of a number of proteins associated with the cycle of cell division that are thought to initiate certain processes of mitosis |
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (Cdk) |
Group that are activated by the formation of a complex with a cyclin and are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. |
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Checkpoint |
Genes that temporarily halt a cell's division and assess its DNA |
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G1/S Checkpoint |
Located at the end of the cell cycle's G1 phase, making the key decision of whether the cell should divide, delay division, or enter a resting stage. Many cells stop at this stage and enter G0 |
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M Phase-Promoting Factor (MPF) |
The cyclin-Cdk complex that was discovered first in frog eggs. Stimulates the mitotic and meiotic phases of the cell cycle |
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Spindle Checkpoint |
Prevents separation of the duplicated chromosomes until each chromosome is properly attached to the spindle apparatus |
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Anaphase-Promoting Complex |
An E3 ubiquitin ligase that marks target cell cycle proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome |
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Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) |
One of the many that regulates cell growth and division. In particular, it plays a significant role in blood vessel formation |
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Cancer |
A malignant growth or tumor resulting from the division of abnormal or mutated cells |
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Tumor |
A swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant |
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Metastasis |
The development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer
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p53 |
A gene that is thought to play a role in regulating cell death or apoptosis, in suppressing tumors, in regulating the cell cycle, and in stopping the cell from dividing when the DNA is damaged |
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Tumor-Suppressor Gene |
Protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. When it mutates to cause a loss or reduction in its function, the cell can progress to cancer, usually in combination with other genetic changes |
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Oncogenes |
In certain circumstances, this can transform a cell into a tumor cell |
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Proto-Oncogenes |
When altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer. Some provide signals that lead to cell division. Others regulate programmed cell death |
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Retinoblastoma Susceptibility Gene |
Predisposes individuals to a rare form of cancer that affects the retina. Role in the cell cycle is to integrate signals from growth factors |
