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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Similarities with British empiricist-associationist ideas |
behaviourist belief in the importance of the environment in shaping behaviour resonates with the British empiricist-associationist dictum that experience is the all-important determiner of one's mind and character |
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Behaviourist Manifesto |
Watson's 1913 paper that argued for a behaviourist approach to psychology |
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Positivism |
philosophical position associated with Comte,
argued that the only certain knowledge is obtained through objective, publicly observable events |
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Pavlov's initial research into digestive system |
isolated various parts of the digestive system and extracted digestive fluids
quantities of the fluids were measured as a function of the type of substance fed to the animal
dev surgical tech to isolate and collect digestive secreations |
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What were the "psychic" secretions that Pavlov considered a nuisance? |
"psychic" secretions - after a number of trials dogs salivated before the food arrived
considered nuisance because they reduced the accuracy of his attempts to measure an exact amount of saliva response to a specific amount of food |
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What was the ongoing program of replication in Pavlov's laboratory? |
process of repeating an experiment to judge its validity and generality
students would learn experimental procedures without being under the pressure to produce new findings |
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What were the physiological and "psychological" approaches described by Pavlov?
which did he endorse? |
physiological - investigation to specific external stimuli and measurable physiological responses
"psychological" - implied dualism of mental and physical processes
endorsed the physiological approach
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Unconditioned reflex |
any stimulus- response connection (eg. food&salivating) that does not have to be learned |
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Unconditioned stimulus |
any stimulus that will produce a specific reflex response (eg. food = salivation) |
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Conditional stimulus |
Any stimulus in conditioning that will be paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response (eg. tone) |
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Conditioned reflex |
The outcome of conditioning |
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How are conditioned reflexes formed? |
by pairing a conditional stimulus (e.g. tone) with an unconditioned stimulus (Eg. food) the conditioned stimulus eventually elicits a conditioned response or reflex |
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Extinction |
weakening of the reflex to a conditional stimulus which is repeated a certain number of times without reinforcement |
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Generalization |
when a response conditioned to stimulus A also occurs, to some degree at least, in response to stimuli that are similar to similes |
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Differentiation |
refers to discrimination, the ability to distinguish between 2 stimuli |
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Experimental Neurosis |
an emotional response that occurs after training a discrimination between 2 stimuli and then making the stimuli too similar to be discriminated |
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According to Loeb what are tropisms? |
movements of pants or animals that are forced automatically by some aspect of the environment |
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What surgeries were performed on rats in the Watson-Carr maze studies? |
eliminated the ability of rates to use their senses when solving modified mazes
(removed eyes, middle ears, and olfactory bulbs) |
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What were the results of the Watson-Carr maze studies? |
concluded that the only important factors in the formation of learned associations were "kinaesthetic impressions coupled with certain other intra-organic impressions" |
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According the the Behaviorist Manifesto, what should the aim and methods of Psychology be? |
purely objective experimental branch of natural science
theoretical goal of prediction and control of behaviour |
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What were Watson's criticisms of introspection? |
results could never be independently verified (could never be objective)
failure to replicate some introspective result would be blamed on the inadequate training of introspectors |
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Subvocal Speech and its relation to thinking? |
Watsons's definition of thinking |
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Basic work on emotions in infants and stimuli that produced these emotional responses |
fear occurred in response to either of 2 classes of stimuli (sudden loud noises & loss of support)
rage from hindering the infants movements
love from gently stroking the infant's skin or rocking/patting the child |
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What were Watson and Rayner attempting to demonstrate with Little Albert? |
emotional reactions develop through conditioning |
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How did Little Albert become afraid of the white rate? |
used a loud unexpected noise to produce fear the second Little Albert was going to touch the white rat |
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Did fear of the white rat transfer to other stimuli? |
Albert showed some degree of fear with a rabbit, dog, and a fur coat |
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How did Mary Cover Jones reduce fear directed at some object, and which came to be known as systematic desensitization? |
reduced fear by placing the stimuli at some distance from the person during a pleasurable task and gradually moving it closer (systematic desensitization)
Did not work: - passage of time - through verbal appeal - having peers ridicule the child |
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What are some criticisms of the Little Albert study? |
question about whether the initial procedure actually produced a strong fear of animals (may have already been afraid)
reactions were weak so they needed to be "freshened up" with additional pairings of animals with the loud noise
what he is afraid of is not clear
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What did Watson believe regarding the shaping influence of the environment?` |
recognized the interaction of nature and turner in the production of behaviour
"no real evidence for the inheritance of traits" |
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What does Watson's "dozen infants" claim? |
claims that you could take a dozen healthy infants from delinquent families and bring them up (by him) to be any type of specialist he chooses (eg. doctor) |
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Why is Watson considered the "founder" of behaviourism? |
Watsons forceful and repeated arguments started a process that by the mid 1930s brought behaviourism to the centre of American experimental psychology |
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Although Watson's behaviourism is considered a failure, what is considered to be the impact of his ideas? |
bridged the gap between basic and applied psychology |
