Chapter 10-Personality

Front 1

self-concept clarity

Back 1

The extent to which self-beliefs are: clearly and confidently defined, internally consistent and stable (Canadians higher that Japs)

Front 2

essential self

Back 2

key descriptors used, would you still be you if you weren't...?

Front 3

development of the essential self

Back 3

13% kindergartners, 24% second graders, 74% adults

Front 4

Neisser's Kinds of Self knowledge

Back 4

perceptual; interactional; private; narrative; conceptual

Front 5

James' Self: The "I"

Back 5

The self as knower/experiencer: subjective. Agency, uniqueness, continuity, meta-awareness

Front 6

James' Self: The "me"

Back 6

The self as known/experienced: objective. Material me, social me, spiritual me.

Front 7

self-esteem

Back 7

general vs. domain specific

Front 8

Daniel Stern and language

Back 8

It drives a wedge between two simultaneous forms of interpersonal experience: as it is lived and as it is verbally expressed

Front 9

"me" of early childhood

Back 9

physical, active, little mention of others or psychological processes

Front 10

The "I" of early childhood

Back 10

uniqueness and continuitity: based primarity on bodily attributes

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Children's use of "I"

Back 11

frequently (at dinner and in lab), 50% psychological (I want, I think), negative (can and know)

Front 12

Imaginary friends, why?

Back 12

Boys: hero- to have ego ideal or ideal self to identify with
Girls: to nurture-to have an alter that you care for, that needs you

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the "me" of late childhood

Back 13

physical is less prominent, less specific active, comparisons with others, psychological clearly distinguished from physical

Front 14

The "I" of late childhood

Back 14

Uniqueness and continuity: based increasingly on psychological attributes; integration of multiple attributes

Front 15

Loevinger's Ego Development

Back 15

the higher the stage the better; from egocentric to flexible; development associated with openness

Front 16

looking glass self

Back 16

self as seen through the eyes of others (eg imaginary friends)

Front 17

generalized other

Back 17

the "audience" you think is watching you

Front 18

self-monitoring

Back 18

extent to which a person tends to modify behavior in response to external demands and contingencies

Front 19

high self monitors

Back 19

more uncommitted/unattached sexual relationships

Front 20

possible selves

Back 20

not a single self, but many possible selves; a self to strive for

Front 21

self discrepancy: Domains

Back 21

actualy self, ought self and ideal self

Front 22

self discrepancy: Affect

Back 22

disappointment, shame, guilt and fear.

Front 23

self discrepancy: Affect depends on

Back 23

availability: discrepancy between actual self and mother's ideal; accessibility: how often do I think about wheter I am meeting my mother's ideals

Front 24

discrepancies: origins

Back 24

adopted early in life from interactions with parents: parents bemoan lost hopes, conditions of worth, strict and overcontrolling parents

Front 25

self discrepancy: therapy implications

Back 25

work to change actual/own self concept; change self guides and change accessibility by avoiding certain situations that expose discrep.

Front 26

undesired self

Back 26

often based on real experiences, therefore more concrete.

Front 27

undesired self: gender differences

Back 27

males more defensive; 50% female worst self-involving family (3% males), 90% females worst self- involving relationships (30% males)

Front 28

undesired self: therapy implications

Back 28

Instead of trying to change the actual, ought or ideal selves, focus on determining the source and power of the undesired self

Front 29

self-with-other

Back 29

the self you are with others; can be very similar or very different; related to self-monitoring and social self

Front 30

Overview: Erikson's theory

Back 30

Life-span personality development; important, dramatic events/incidents; "Who am I" key question; acheiving identity is psychosocial acheivement; lives are legacies for coming generations

Front 31

Triple bookkeeping

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somatic (body) including drives; ego- how you cope with drives and make sense of the world; societal-individual embedded in larger social world

Front 32

Erikson vs Freud

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Erikson is an optimist; believes in retrospective determiniism, meaning you construct your past, narrative psychology

Front 33

Erikson: stage theory

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each stage presents challenge/asks question; mastery of each stage+ positive adjustment; old stages appear in different forms.

Front 34

Erikson: early stages

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basic trust vs. mistrust; autonomy vs. shame/doubt; initiative vs. guilt; industry vs. inferiority

Front 35

Erikson: key stage

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identity vs. role confusion Who am I?

Front 36

Process of indentity formation

Back 36

thoughout childhood, many identities, normative crisis, reject and select specific identities.

Front 37

Erikson: prerequisites for identity

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Vertical on chart: unipolarity (trust), bipolarity (autonomy), play identification (initiative), work identification (industry)

Front 38

Erikson: Repeats

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Horizontal: time perspective (trust), self-certainty (autonomy), role experimentation (initiative), anticipation of achievement (industry), sexual identity (intimacy)

Front 39

Identity statuses

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exploration to commitment: occupational goals, idealogy (political, religious), autonomy

Front 40

identities de novo

Back 40

creating new identities, needing a fake past?

Front 41

negative identities

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identifications and roles that were presented as undesirable or dangerous, yet real

Front 42

Erikson measure

Back 42

findings: identity, intimacy, generativity increase with age; scale pos. correlated with well being; females score higher on intimacy (correlation with identity stronger); males score higher on autonomy, initiative and industry.

Front 43

Ekikson: stages in adulthood

Back 43

intimacy vs. isolation, only after reasonable sense of indentity established. for some, "I am who I'm with"

Front 44

Marcia's Identity Statuses

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Identity achievement (full look then found), moratorium (still looking), forclosure (quick look, choice made), identity diffusion (haven't begun to look)

Front 45

Josselson's research

Back 45

pathmakers=identity achievment; searchers=moratorium; guardians=forclosure; drifter=diffusion

Front 46

Gender differences in identity and intimacy

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women may depend less on occupational factors and more on relationship factors; forclosure may be adaptive for women; women score higher on intimacy measures

Front 47

Generativity: Definition

Back 47

to invest in forms of life and work that will outlive the self

Front 48

Generativity: domains

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Biological, cultural, parental technical

Front 49

Erikson: the last stage

Back 49

Ego integrity: accepting your life for what it is (the good and the bad)
vs. despair: lack of acceptance, fear of death.

Front 50

Life review

Back 50

looking back, settling accounts; ego integrity or despair

Front 51

Identity constraints vs. content

Back 51

constraints: structural requirements; content: religious, political beliefs and career goals.

Front 52

Life review and acceptance

Back 52

Life review not a requirement for acceptance for everyone.