Chapter 10; Nervous System (Last 1/2)

Front 1

Neuron cannot respond to another stimulus of the same strength until repolarization occurs. This is called ________________.

Back 1

Refractory Period

Front 2

The Refractory Period is when a neuron cannot respond to another stimulus of the same strength until _____________ occurs.

Back 2

Repolarization

Front 3

The Refractory Period is when a neuron cannot respond to another ___________ of the same strength until repolarization occurs.

Back 3

Stimulus

Front 4

The Refractory Period is when a neuron cannot respond to another stimulus of the same ________ until repolarization occurs.

Back 4

Strength

Front 5

(REFRACTORY PERIOD) Two Types
(1)
(2)

Back 5

(1) Absolute Refractory Period
(2) Relative Refractory Period

Front 6

(REFRACTORY PERIOD)
During this time, the nerve will not respond to any stimulus, of any strength.

Back 6

Absolute Refractory Period

Front 7

(REFRACTORY PERIOD) During the time of the Absolute Refractory Period, the nerve will not respond to any _________ of any strength.

Back 7

Stimulus

Front 8

(REFRACTORY PERIOD) During the time of Absolute Refractory Period, the nerve will ____ ______ to any stimulus of any strength/

Back 8

NOT RESPOND

Front 9

(REFRACTORY PERIOD) During this time, the nerve will respond to a second stimulus if it is of great enough magnitude.

Back 9

Relative Refractory Period

Front 10

(REFRACTORY PERIOD) During the Relative Refractory Period, the nerve will ____ to a second stimulas if it is of great enough magnitude.

Back 10

RESPOND

Front 11

(REFRACTORY PERIOD) The principle at threshold stimulation, when the impulse is conducted along the entire neuron (axon) at a constant and maximum strength for existing conditions.

Back 11

All or None Principle

Front 12

The ALL OR NONE PRINCIPLE at threshold stimulation, is when the impulse is conducted along the entire neuron (axon) at a constant and maximum strength for the ___________ ___________.

Back 12

Existing Conditions

Front 13

The All or None Principle at thresehold stimulation, is when the impulse is conducted along the entire neuron (axon) at a __________ and a __________ strength for existing conditions.

Back 13

Constant & Maximum

Front 14

The All or None Principle at threshold stimulation, is when the impulse is conducted along the entire __________ (axon) at a constant and maximum strength for the existing conditions.

Back 14

Neuron

Front 15

The All or Nothing Principle at threshold stimulation, is when the impulse is conducted along the ________ neuron (axon) at a constant and maximum strength for the existing conditions.

Back 15

Entire

Front 16

The All or Nothing Principle at threshold stimulation, is when the ____________ is conducted along the entire neuron (axon) at a constant and maximum strength for the existing conditions.

Back 16

Impulse

Front 17

(ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE) Any stimulus below threshold is termed "______________" and is INCAPABKE of eliciting a response.

Back 17

Subthreshold

Front 18

(ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE) Any stimulus below threshold is termed "subthreshold" and is ____________ of elicitiny a response.

Back 18

INCAPABLE

Front 19

(ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE) Any stimulus _________ threshold is termed "subthreshold" and is INCAPABLE of eliciting a response.

Back 19

Below

Front 20

(ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE) Any stimulus below threshold is termed "subthreshold" and is INCAPABLE of _________________ a _____________.

Back 20

Eliciting a Response

Front 21

(ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE) If a high number of subthreshold stimuli are given in a series, then an action potential may be elicited by a proccess called ____________.

Back 21

SUMMATION

Front 22

(ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE) If a ________ number of subthreshold stimuli are given in a series, then an action potential may be elicited by a process called summation.

Back 22

high

Front 23

(ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE) If a high number of __________ _________ are given in a series, then an action potential may be elicited by a process called summation.

Back 23

Subthreshold Stimuli

Front 24

(ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE) If a high number of subthreshold stimuli are given in a series, then an _________ ________ may be elicited by a process called summation.

Back 24

Action Potential

Front 25

(ALL OR NOTHING PRINCIPLE) If a high number of subthreshold stimuli are given in a series, then an action potential may be __________ by a process called summation.

Back 25

Elicited

Front 26

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION)
(1)
(2)

Back 26

(1) Continuous
(2) Saltatory

Front 27

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) Occurs along the membrane of non-myelinated nerve fibers as a local effect.

Back 27

Continuous Conduction

Front 28

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) Continuous conduction occurs along the membrane of ___-_________ nerve fibers as a local effect.

Back 28

Non-myelinated

Front 29

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) This is a step-by-step depolarization in a regular sequence of chemical events.

Back 29

Continuous Conduction

Front 30

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) Continuous Conduction is a step-by-step ______________ in a regular sequence of chemical events.

Back 30

Depolarization

Front 31

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) This is the slower type of conduction.

Back 31

Continuous Conduction

Front 32

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) Occurs only in myelinated fibers.

Back 32

Saltatory Conduction

Front 33

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) Saltatory Conduction occurs only in ______________ fibers.

Back 33

Myelinated

Front 34

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) (TRUE/FALSE) In Saltatory Conduction, the myelin sheath allows impulses to be conducted along the nerve fiber.

Back 34

FALSE it does not allow it. The sheath forms an insulating layer around the nerve.

Front 35

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) This type of conduction contains impulse jumps from node to node (of Ranvier) through the extracellular fluids and axoplasm about 1 mm at a jump.

Back 35

Saltatory Conduction

Front 36

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) In Saltatory conduction, impulse _____ from node to node (of Ranvier) through the extracellular fluids and axoplasm about 1 mm at a jump.

Back 36

Jumps

Front 37

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) In Saltatory conduction, impulse jumps from node to node (of Ranvier) through _____________ _______ and axoplasm about 1 mm at a jump.

Back 37

Extracellular Fluid

Front 38

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) Overall effect of Saltatory Conduction is an ________ in the speed of conduction of the impulse.

Back 38

Increase

Front 39

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) The fastest conduction rate is Approx, _______-_______ m/sec (________mph)

Back 39

100-120 m/sec (225mph)

Front 40

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) The slowest conduction rate is Approx, 0.__-___ m/sec (___-___ mph)

Back 40

0.5-1 m/sec (1-2mph)

Front 41

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) Cable Properties => Speed of ________ is also related to nerve fiber diameter.

Back 41

Conduction

Front 42

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) _______ ___________ => Speed of conduction is also related to nerve fiber diameter.

Back 42

Cable Properties

Front 43

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) Cable Properties => Speed of conductions is also related to ______ ________ _______.

Back 43

Nerve Fiber Diameter

Front 44

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) The greater the _______, the faster the impulse.

Back 44

Diameter

Front 45

(IMPULSE [TYPES OF] CONDUCTION) The greater the diameter, the faster the __________.

Back 45

Impulse

Front 46

Those processes by which membrane pores or "gates" are controlled by changes in cell membrane potential.

Back 46

Electrically Gated

Front 47

Electrically Gated is by which __________ _____ or "gates" are controlled by changes in cell membrane potential.

Back 47

Membrane Pores

Front 48

Electrically Gated is by which membrane pores or "_______" are controlled by changes in ______ ________ ______.

Back 48

"Gates"
Cell Membrane Potentials

Front 49

Usually if something is electrically gated it was initiated by a shift in ionic concentrations, especially ___ entering the cell.

Back 49

Na+

Front 50

Electrically Gated usually results in _______ ________, which are fast and do not diminish with distance.

Back 50

Action Potentials

Front 51

Electrically Gated usually results in action potentials, which are fast and do not _________ with distance.

Back 51

Diminish

Front 52

Those processes by which membrane pores, or "gates" are controlled by chemicals, usuallyy neurotransmitters or hormones attaching to receptor sites on their outer surface.

Back 52

Chemically Gated

Front 53

Chemically Gated processes by which _________ ________, or "gates" are controlled by chemicals, usually neurotransmitters or hormones attaching to receptor sites on their outer surface.

Back 53

Membrane Pores

Front 54

Chemically Gated processes by which membrane pores or "_____" are controlled by ________, usually neurotransmitters or hormones attaching to receptor sites on their outer surface.

Back 54

"Gates"
Chemicals

Front 55

Chemically gated processes by which membrane pores or "gates" are controlled by chemicals, usually _________________ or ___________ attaching to receptor sites on their outer surface.

Back 55

Neurotransmitters or Hormones

Front 56

Chemically gated processes by which membrane pores or "gates" are controlled by chemicals, usually neurotransmitters or hormones attaching to _________ ________ on the outer surface.

Back 56

Receptor Sites

Front 57

Chemically gated processess by which membrane pores of "gates" are controlled by chemicals, usually neurotransmitters or hormones attaching to receptor sites on the ________ ________.

Back 57

Outer Surface

Front 58

Usually initiated by NT or hormones bunding to a receptor site which alters the cell membrane permeability to Na+ in the locale of that receptor, or a group of receptors.

Back 58

Chemically Gated

Front 59

Chemically gated processes result in _______ ________, which are slower and do diminish with distance.

Back 59

Graded Potentials

Front 60

Chemically gated processes result in graded potentials which are slower and do __________ through time.

Back 60

Diminish

Front 61

Inhibition of activity is a ___________-__________ event. (Some neurons inhibit the activity of other neurons)

Back 61

Neural-Mediated

Front 62

In order to intiate an action potential, a _________ __________ must be reached. (depolarization)

Back 62

Threshold Stimulus

Front 63

In order to initiate an action potential, a threshhold stimulus must be reached. (______________)

Back 63

Depolarization

Front 64

In order to initiate an __________ _________, a threshold stimulus must be reached. (depolarization)

Back 64

Action Potential

Front 65

The post-synaptic membrane may be ___________, which may result in an action potential.

Back 65

Depolarized

Front 66

The post-synaptic membrane may be depolarized, which may result in an _________ ___________.

Back 66

Action Potential

Front 67

Depolarization is an _____ ________-________ ________. (EPSP)

Back 67

Excitatory post-synaptic potential

Front 68

Depolarization [___mV => ____mV]

Back 68

70mV => -60mV

Front 69

Hyperpolarized may reduce the possibility of an _________ __________.

Back 69

Action Potential

Front 70

Hyperpolarized is an _________ ______-_______ ________. (IPSP)

Back 70

Inhibitory Post-synaptic Potential

Front 71

Hyperpolarization is [____mV => ______mV]

Back 71

-70mV => -80mV

Front 72

Hyperpolarization is further away from the ___________.

Back 72

Threshold

Front 73

Excitatory NT's cause _______ by causing the postsynaptic membranes to increase their permeability to Na+.

Back 73

EPSP

Front 74

Excitatory NT's cause EPSP by causing the postsynaptic membranes to increase their permeability to _____.

Back 74

Na+

Front 75

In EPSP, _____ rushes into the cell.

Back 75

Na+

Front 76

EPSP may or may not elicit an AP, depending on the strength of the __________.

Back 76

Stimulus

Front 77

Amount of NT released from a single axon terminal is usually not enough to raise the EPSP to the cell's ___________ value. In this case there would be no action potential.

Back 77

Threshold Value

Front 78

Amount of NT released from a single axon terminal is usually not enough to raise the EPSP to the cell's threshold value. In this case there would be no ________ __________.

Back 78

Action Potential

Front 79

The susceptibility of the neuron to fire can be increased through a process called ____________.

Back 79

Facilitation

Front 80

Facilitation is the process in which the susceptibility of the neuron to fire can be __________.

Back 80

Increased

Front 81

Two ways to cause Facilitation
(1)
(2)

Back 81

(1) Spacial summation
(2) Temporal summation

Front 82

Summation means to ____ ___.

Back 82

Add up

Front 83

_________ means to add up or put together.

Back 83

Summation

Front 84

Since many axons terminate on a single neuron, more than one may release NT at the same time.

Back 84

Spatial Summation

Front 85

(SPATIAL STIMULATION) Since many axons terminate on a single neuron, more than one may release _____ at the same time.

Back 85

NT

Front 86

(SPATIAL STIMULATION)
Since _______ axons terminate on a single neuron, more than one may release CT at the same time.

Back 86

Many

Front 87

(SPATIAL STIMULATION) When more than one axon releases NT at the same time it increases the amount of NT reaching the _______-_________ membrane.

Back 87

Post-synaptic Membrane

Front 88

This means that NT is added to NT adequately to exeed threshold at which time, the ions (Na+), operating on a positive feedback system, once past threshold, become self-propogating all-or-none-event of the action potential.

Back 88

Spatial Summation

Front 89

Spatial Summation means that NT is added to NT ________ to exceed threshold at which time, the ions (Na+), operating on a positive feedback system, once past thresholf, become self-propogating all-or-none event of the action potential.

Back 89

Adaquately

Front 90

Spatial Summation means ____ is added to ___ adequately to exceed threshold at which time, the ions (Na+), operating on a positive feedback system, once past threshold, becomes self-propogating all-or-none event of the action potential.

Back 90

NT is added to NT

Front 91

Spatial Summation means that NT is added to NT adequately to exceed threshold at which time, the ions (____), operating on a ________ ________ __________, once past threshold, become self-propating all-or-none-event of the action potential.

Back 91

Na+
Positive Feedback System

Front 92

Spatial Summation means that NT is added to NT adequately to exceed threshold at which time, the ions (Na+) operating on a positive feedback system, once past threshold become ________-________- all-ornone event of the action potential.

Back 92

Self-Propgating

Front 93

Spatial Summation means that NT is added to NT adequately to exceed threshold at which time, the ions (Na+) operating on a positive feedback system, once past threshold become self- propgating all-or-none event of the _______ _______.

Back 93

Action Potential

Front 94

(FACILITATION) Occurs when one or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-five order and bursts of neurotransmitter are relased in quick succession. They add up.

Back 94

Temporal Summation

Front 95

(FACILITAION) Temporal Summation occurs when one or more _____________ neurons transmit impulses in rapid-five order and bursts of neurotransmitter are relased in quick succesion. They add up.

Back 95

Presynaptic

Front 96

(FACILITATION) Temporal Summation occurs when _____ or ___ presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-five order and bursts of neurotransmitter are relased in quick succesion. The add up.

Back 96

One or More

Front 97

(FACILITATION) Temporal summation occurs when one or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in _________-________ order and bursts of neurotransmitter are released in quick succesion. They add up.

Back 97

Rapid-Five

Front 98

(FACILITAION) Temporal summation occurs when one or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-five order and bursts of ___________ are released in quick succesion. They add up.

Back 98

Neurotransmitters

Front 99

(FACILITATION) Produce IPSP's (Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potentials.

Back 99

Inhibitory NT's

Front 100

(FACILITATION) Inhibitory NT's produce _________.

Back 100

IPSPs

Front 101

(FACILITATION) Inhibitory NT's does not open ___ channels.

Back 101

Na+

Front 102

(FACILITATION) Inhibitory NT's do not open ____ ______________.

Back 102

Na+ Channels

Front 103

(FACILITATION) (TRUE/FALSE) Inhibitory NT's open Na+ channels.

Back 103

False

Front 104

(FACILITATION) (TRUE/FALSE) Inhibitory NT's can open K+ (or CT) channels.

Back 104

True

Front 105

(FACILITATION) Inhibitory NT's can open ___ (or Cl-) ______, which hyperpolarize the membrane, or take it away from the threshold.

Back 105

K+ channels

Front 106

(FACILITATION) Inhibitory NT's can open K+ (or Cl-) channels which ___________ the membrane, or take it away from the threshold.

Back 106

Hyperpolarize

Front 107

(FACILITATION) When K+ channels open, K+ moves _____ of the cell due to its concentration gradient.

Back 107

out

Front 108

(FACILITATION) When K+ channels open, K+ moves out of the cell due to its ___________ ____________.

Back 108

Concentration Gradient

Front 109

(FACILITATION) When ____ _______ open, K+ moves out of the cell due to its concentration gradient.

Back 109

K+ Channels

Front 110

(FACILITATION) Loss of K+ ions (+ charges) makes the inner membrane even more ____________. (hyperpolarized)

Back 110

Negative

Front 111

(FACILITATION) Loss of K+ ions (+ charges) makes the inner membrane even more negative. (____________)

Back 111

Hyperpolarized

Front 112

(FACILITATION) Since the inside of the membrane becomes more negative when K+ ions are lost, it requires more ___ influx to overcome the increased negative charge.

Back 112

Na+

Front 113

(FACILITATION) If there is a loss of K+, consequently, more exitatory NT would be required to reach _________.

Back 113

Threshold

Front 114

Axon terminals of most neurons form synapses with many different post-synaptic neurons.

Back 114

Divergence

Front 115

Axon terminals from one, or a few, neurons going to many others.

Back 115

Divergence

Front 116

Allows the signal passing through to be delivered to many other neurons at the same time.

Back 116

Divergence

Front 117

Allows amplification of the signal from a single neuron (either motor or sensory)

Back 117

Divergence

Front 118

Divergence allows _________ of the signal from a single neuron (either motor or sensory)

Back 118

Amplification

Front 119

Axon terminals of many different neurons may form synapses with a single post-synaptic neuron.

Back 119

Convergence

Front 120

Axon terminals from many neurons going to one, or a few, post-synaptic neurons.

Back 120

Convergence

Front 121

The arrangement that allows for an integration of responses.

Back 121

Convergence

Front 122

In Convergence the neurons respond only to _________ ____________.

Back 122

Important Stimuli

Front 123

A neuron may contain more than one type of ______ on its post-synaptic membrane.

Back 123

Receptor

Front 124

A neuron may release a number of different ____.

Back 124

Neurotransmitters

Front 125

Some NT's are classified both as ___________ & _____.

Back 125

Hormones & NT's

Front 126

The classification of whether a NT is classifed as a hormone or NT depends on _________.

Back 126

Location

Front 127

NTs are secreted and function in ___________.

Back 127

Synapses

Front 128

Hormones, even though they may be the same molecule as a NT, circulate in the ____________.

Back 128

Bloodstream

Front 129

For a chemical to be considered a NT it must be present in _____________ ____________.

Back 129

Presynaptic Vesicles

Front 130

For a chemical to be considered a NT it must be released from presynaptic vessicles in response to a ________ _________.

Back 130

Nerve Impulse

Front 131

For a chemical to be considered a NT, if added to synapse experimentally, it will induce the same response as stimulation of the ___-_______ neuron.

Back 131

Pre-synaptic

Front 132

For a chemical to be considered a NT it must be removed from the ________ rapidly.

Back 132

Synapse

Front 133

Because of the typically ____ _____________ of NT present in synaptic clefts or nerve endings, it has not been easy to identify all the NT's to the nervous system.

Back 133

Low Concentrations

Front 134

A NT (Amine) found in the PNS.

Back 134

Acetylcholine

Front 135

A common NT released at the neuromuscular junction.

Back 135

Acetylcholine

Front 136

Acetylcholin is a NT released at the __________ _____________.

Back 136

Neuromuscular Junction

Front 137

Acetylcholin is a NT of the _______________ Nervous System.

Back 137

Parasympathetic

Front 138

Also an Amine structure => epinephrine & noradrenaline

Back 138

Catecholamines

Front 139

Found in the PNS & CNS. NT's of the Sympathetic Nervous System.

Back 139

Catechlomines

Front 140

NT of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

Back 140

Acetylcholine

Front 141

The units which make up proteins. Also a neurotransmitter.

Back 141

Amino Acids

Front 142

Short-chains of amino acids which may have a NT function in the brain.

Back 142

Peptides

Front 143

Particular attention has been in the area of ________ __________ peptides.

Back 143

Endogenous Endoplasmic Peptides

Front 144

Peptides are synthesized in the ________ ________.

Back 144

Rough ER

Front 145

Once the NT has acted upon the receptor, it must be ________ so that another impulse can be recieved.

Back 145

REMOVED

Front 146

Once hte NT has acted upton the receptor it must be removed so that the _____-___________ membrane is not continually stimulated.

Back 146

Post-Synaptic Membrane

Front 147

NT can be removed by _______________ into the pre-synaptic neuron. (re-uptake)

Back 147

Reabsorption

Front 148

NT can be removed by ________ ________. Specific enzymes for specific NT. May occur in one of three places.

Back 148

Enzymatic Degration

Front 149

Enzymatic Degration may occur in one of three places.
(1)
(2)
(3)

Back 149

(1) Cleft
(2) Post-synaptically
(3) Pre-synaptically

Front 150

NT can be removed by ________ out of the immediate area of the synapse.

Back 150

Diffusion

Front 151

NT can be removed 3 ways.
(1) R
(2) E
(3) D

Back 151

(1) Reabsorption
(2) Enzmatic Degration
(3) Diffusion