Chapter 10; Nervous System

Front 1

What are the three general functions of the nervous system?

Back 1

Sensation, Integration & Response, Action

Hint 1

SIR

Front 2

When senses change inside and outside of the body this is known as:

Back 2

Sensation

Front 3

After senses change inside and outside of the body these changes must be interpreted. This process is known as:

Back 3

Integration

Front 4

Senses change inside and outside of the body, and then they become interpretted. After the become interpreted they must respond to interpretation by initiatizing action in the form of muscular contractions or glandular secretions. This is known as:

Back 4

Response/Action

Front 5

What are the 2 principal (anatomic) divisions of the nervous system?

Back 5

Central Nervous System & Peripheral Nervous System

Front 6

The control center for the entire nervous system.

Back 6

Central Nervous System

Front 7

Consists of the Brain & Spinal Cord.

Back 7

Central Nervous System

Front 8

Well protected; Incased in the skull and vertebral column

Back 8

Central Nervous System

Front 9

Connects to the CNS to receptors, muscles & glands

Back 9

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 10

What are the two divisions of the PNS?

Back 10

Afferent & Efferent

Front 11

Conveys impulses from receptors to CNS --> sensory neurons.

Back 11

Afferent division
Note: A for afferent means attract.

Front 12

Conveys impulses away from CNS to periphery --> motor neurons.

Back 12

Efferent division
Note: E for efferent means exit.

Front 13

A third type of neuron that connects the afferent to the efferent neurons. Present only in the CNS.

Back 13

Interneurons

Front 14

Interneurons are only present in that:

Back 14

CNS

Front 15

(outputs; motor neurons) Can be further divided into Somatic & Autonomic nervous systems.

Back 15

Efferent Nervous System

Front 16

The Efferent Nervous System (Part of the PNS) is branched into which two nervous systems?

Back 16

Somatic & Autonomic Nervous Systems

Front 17

(PNS) (ENS) The "manual" or "conscious" nervous system. Efferent neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles. (Voluntary)

Back 17

Somatic Nervous System

Front 18

Efferent neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

Back 18

Somatic Nervous System

Front 19

The Somatic Nervous System Is (VOLUNTARY/INVOLUNTARY)

Back 19

VOLUNTARY

Front 20

(PNS) (ENS) Think "Automatic" or "Unconscious." Efferent neurons that convey impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands. (Generally the visceral tissues and organs) (Involuntary)

Back 20

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 21

Efferent neurons that convey impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac. Muscle & glands. (Generally the visceral tissues and organs)

Back 21

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 22

The Autonomic Nervous System is (VOLUNTARY/INVOLUNTARY)

Back 22

INVOLUNTARY

Front 23

The Autonomic Nervous system is divided into what two nervous systems?

Back 23

Sympathetic NS & Parasympathetic NS

Front 24

Stimulation of this system increases heart rate.

Back 24

Sympathetic NS

Front 25

Stimulation of this system decreases heart rate.

Back 25

Parasympathetic

Front 26

The functional unit in the nervous system.

Back 26

Neuron

Front 27

What are the 3 distinct parts of a neuron?

Back 27

Cell body, Dendrite & an Axon

Front 28

Neuron's well-defined nucleus surrounded by granular cytoplasm.

Back 28

Cell Body

Front 29

Contains the typical cellular organelles in a neuron.

Back 29

Cell Body

Front 30

Site of synthesis of the nerve cell's products (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc.)

Back 30

Cell Body

Front 31

Similar to the rough ER of other cells, this is the attachment for ribosomes found exclusively in nerve cell bodies.

Back 31

Nissl bodies

Front 32

Highly branched, thick, tapering extensions of cytoplasm of cell body.

Back 32

Dendrite

Front 33

How many dendrites can be in the neuron?

Back 33

As few as one or as many as thousands.

Front 34

Part of the neuron that conducts impulses toward cell body.

Back 34

Dendrite

Front 35

A single structure in the neuron.

Back 35

Axon

Front 36

Highly specialized, a long thin process within the neuron.

Back 36

Axon

Front 37

At the origin of an axon is an enlarged segment that iniates AP's. This is known as the:

Back 37

Axon Hillock

Front 38

The axon may branch out, away from the cell body from a single process. These branches are called ________________.

Back 38

Collaterals

Front 39

An enlargement of the branched distal end of the axon that forms part of the synapse.

Back 39

Synaptic Knob

Front 40

The small space between the synaptic knob and the receptive area of the receiving cell, across which neurotransmitter diffuses.

Back 40

Synaptic Cleft

Front 41

Part of the neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body.

Back 41

Axon

Front 42

Fine threads that extend into the axon and are part of the cytoplasm (part of cytoskeleton)

Back 42

Neurofibrils

Front 43

The whole processes of neurons, bundles of which make up a nerve.

Back 43

Nerve fibers

Front 44

Many Schwann cells wrapped around an axon with spaces in between and facilitates high speed transmission of impulses.

Back 44

Myelin Sheath

Front 45

When a single Schwann cell envelops, along its periphery, the axons of the nerve fibers it serves. "Sheath of Schwann."

Back 45

Neurilemma
Note: Remember that "lemma" means "husk" or "outer layer"

Front 46

What are the two types of intracellular systems for the axonal transport of synthesized materials from the cell body?

Back 46

Axoplasmic Flow & Axoplasmic Transport

Front 47

System for the axonal transport of synthesized materials from the cell body. This is undirectional-- only flows in one direction, which is away from the cell body. This is a slow process.

Back 47

Axoplasmic Flow

Front 48

System for the axonal transport of synthesized materials from the cell body. Conveys materials in both directions. Faster process.

Back 48

Axoplasmic Transport

Front 49

The reverse process of axoplasmic transport is:

Back 49

Retrograde Transport

Front 50

The route taken by certain viruses and bacteria which can damage the CNS. (Herpes and Rapies viruses and Tetanus bacterium)

Back 50

Retrograde Transport

Front 51

Covers many of the nerve fibers in the PNS.

Back 51

Myelin Sheath

Front 52

Multilayered, white, phospholipid, segmented covering.

Back 52

Myelin Sheath

Front 53

Contain the myelin sheath

Back 53

Myelinated Nerve Fibers

Front 54

Lack the myelin sheath

Back 54

Non-Myelinated Nerve Fibers

Front 55

Function is to increase the speed with which an impulse is conducted along a fiber.

Back 55

Myelin Sheath

Front 56

Are Scwann Cells nervous tissue?

Back 56

NO

Front 57

Flattened, NON-NEURONAL CELLS which produce the myelin sheath.

Back 57

Schwann Cells

Front 58

These encircle the axon until its ends meet and overlap.

Back 58

Schwann Cells

Front 59

These wind around the axon many times, pushing the nucleus to cell's periphery and becomes many layered.

Back 59

Schwann Cells

Front 60

Schwann Cells wind around the _______.

Back 60

Axon

Front 61

The small space between the Schwann cells is the: ___________________

Back 61

node of Ranvier

Front 62

The Sheath of the schwann cells

Back 62

Neurilemma

Front 63

Peripheral nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell.

Back 63

Neurilemma

Front 64

Assist in regeneration of injured axons (nerve fibers)

Back 64

Neurilemma

Front 65

(TRUE/FALSE) In Neurilemma, if a damaged cell body dies it is replaced with a new cell body.

Back 65

FALSE

Front 66

Unmyelinated gaps between the segments of the myelin sheath

Back 66

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 67

These are enclosed by Schwann cells, however, there are no multiple wrappings. Which means that they may have a neurilemma, but not be myelinated, because there are no multiple wrappings of Schwann cells.

Back 67

Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers

Front 68

No multiple wrappings

Back 68

Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers

Front 69

Contains myelinated and unmyelinated fibers as well.

Back 69

CNS

Front 70

Myelination is produced by:

Back 70

a different cell type in the CNS

Front 71

What produces myelination in the CNS?

Back 71

Oligodendrocytes

Front 72

The CNS has ____________________ instead of Schwann cells.

Back 72

Oligodendrocytes

Front 73

Neurons that have only teo processes, one on either end.

Back 73

Bipolar

Front 74

Neurons that have only a single process and are found in ganglia. The process branches and one is associated with a body part and the other enters the CNS.

Back 74

Unipolar

Front 75

Neurons that have many processes arising from their cell bodies with only one being an axon, most of these are in the CNS.

Back 75

Multipolar

Front 76

Most of the Multipolar neurons are found in the:

Back 76

CNS

Front 77

What are the three structural characteristics of neurons?

Back 77

Bipolar, Unipolar & Multipolar

Hint 77

BUM

Front 78

What are the three functional characteristics of neurons?

Back 78

Sensory, Interneurons & Motor neurons

Hint 78

SIM

Front 79

These neurons ccarry impulses from the peripheral body parts to the CNS.

Back 79

Sensory neurons

Front 80

Also called association or internuncial neruons. Found within the brain or spinal cord, are multipolar, and form links between the other neurons.

Back 80

Interneurons

Front 81

Neurons found within the brain or spinal cord. Multipolar. Form links between other neurons.

Back 81

Interneurons

Front 82

(TRUE/FALSE) Interneurons are unipolar.

Back 82

FALSE; multipolar

Front 83

Multipolar neurons that carry impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors, like muscles or glands.

Back 83

Motor Neurons

Front 84

(TRUE/FALSE) Most neurons of the somatic system are voluntary and are consciously controlled.

Back 84

TRUE

Front 85

Support cells in the CNS

Back 85

Glial Cells
Note: Glia means glue, and while we discuss glial cells as being in the CNS, they have their functional counterpart in the PNS in the form of Schwann cells)

Front 86

These cells provide physical support (including the production of the myelin sheath), protection, nourish neurons and prevent contact between neurons, except at particular cites providing electrochemical insulation.

Back 86

Glial Cells

Front 87

Phagocytosis occurs in the:

Back 87

Glial Cell

Front 88

The immune component of nerve tissue.

Back 88

Phagocytosis

Front 89

(Phagocytosis) The ___________________ prevents WBC's and some antibodies from entering into nervous tissue.

Back 89

Blood-brain barrier

Front 90

(Neuroglial Cells) The function of this cell is in the formation of myelin in the CNS.

Back 90

Oligodendrocytes

Front 91

(Neuroglial Cells) Differ from Schwann cells in that they form a number of processes (cell extensions) to provide myelin on seceral different axons at the same time.

Back 91

Oligodendrocytes

Front 92

(Neuroglial Cells) Provide myelin on several different axons at the same time.

Back 92

Oligodendrocytes

Front 93

(Neuroglial Cells) Star-shaped cells which provide structural support for neurons.

Back 93

Astrocytes

Front 94

(Neuroglial Cells) Commonly found between axons and blood vessels.

Back 94

Astrocytes

Front 95

(Neuroglial Cells) Astrocytes are commonly found between _______________ & _________________.

Back 95

Axons & Blood vessels

Front 96

(Neuroglial Cells) May have a nutritive function involving the transport of substances from blood. Vessels to neurons. Remember that neurons have a very high MR.

Back 96

Astrocytes

Front 97

(Neuroglial Cells) Phagocytize bacterial cells and cellular debris (an immune type cell)

Back 97

Microglia

Front 98

(TRUE/FALSE) Microglia conduct nerve impulses.

Back 98

FALSE THEY DO NOT!

Front 99

Cuboidal cells that line the open spaces in the brain, the ventricles.

Back 99

Epedymal Cells

Front 100

Epedymal cells are cuboidal cells that line the open spaces in the brain. These open spaces are known as:

Back 100

Ventricles

Front 101

(Neuroglial Cells) Form a one-cell thick "epithelial-like" membrane.

Back 101

Ependymal Cells

Front 102

(Neuroglial Cells) Line the central canal that goes down the center of the spinal cord.

Back 102

Ependymal Cells

Front 103

(TRUE/FALSE) Only neurons carry electrical impulses (chemoelectric) to transmit messages.

Back 103

TRUE

Front 104

Only _________ carry electrical impulses (chemoelectric) to transmit messages.

Back 104

neurons

Front 105

Only neurons carry _________________ (chemoelectric) to transmit messages.

Back 105

electrical impulses

Front 106

Only neurons carry electrical impulses (_________) to transmit messages.

Back 106

chemoelectric

Front 107

Only neurons carry electrical impulses (chemoelectric) to __________________.

Back 107

transmit messages

Front 108

Impulses must be carried along ____________. (axons and dendrites)

Back 108

Nerve fibers

Front 109

Impulses must be carried along nerve fibers (______________ & ____________)

Back 109

Axons & Dendrites

Front 110

Impulses must be carried to ________________. (synaptic transmission)

Back 110

other neurons

Front 111

Impulses must be carried to other neurons (_______________________)

Back 111

Synaptic Transmission

Front 112

What are the two different types of neural transmission?

Back 112

Nerve Impulse Conduction & Synaptic Transmission

Front 113

A chemoelectric event over a significant distance. Within a single neuron.

Back 113

Nerve impulse conduction

Front 114

A chemical event over a relatively short distance. --Between neurons that are adjacent in some fashion. (Axon to Dendrite)

Back 114

Synaptic Transmission

Front 115

Interneuronal communication, or how meurons get their message across -- the chemical connection.

Back 115

The Synapse

Front 116

The Synapse must involve what three things?

Back 116

Pre-synaptic cell, Post-synaptic cell and a Molecular/Chemical Neurotransmitter.

Hint 116

PPM/CN

Front 117

This must involve a pre-synaptic cell, a post synaptic cell and a molecular/chemical neurotransmitter.

Back 117

The Synapse

Front 118

What lies between the pre- and post-synaptic cell membranes (across which NT diffuses)

Back 118

Synaptic Cleft

Front 119

Between the _____ & _____________ cell membranes is a synaptic cleft across which NT diffuses.

Back 119

Pre- & Post-synaptic

Front 120

The synaptic cleft between the pre- & post- synaptic membranes (across which NT diffuses) is about _____-_______ nanometers, there is no direct cellular contact.

Back 120

20-25

Front 121

(TRUE/FALSE) There is direct intracellular contact in the Synaptic Cleft.

Back 121

FALSE

Front 122

The recieving cell in the synapse may be a _________, gland cell, or another nerve cell.

Back 122

muscle cell

Front 123

The recieving cell in the synapse may be a muscle cell, __________ or another nerve cell.

Back 123

gland cell

Front 124

The recieving cell in the synapse may be a muscle cell, gland cell or another __________ cell.

Back 124

nerve

Front 125

The recieving cell in the synapse may be a ____________, ________________ or another _____________.

Back 125

muscle cell; gland cell; nerve cell

Front 126

Neuron with axonal terminals that form a synapse with another neuron or other excitable cell.

Back 126

Presynaptic neuron

Front 127

The membrane from which the neurotransmitter is released.

Back 127

Presynaptic Membrane

Front 128

Neuron on the opposite side, or recieving side and has receptor sites for the neurotransmitter.

Back 128

Postsynaptic Neuron

Front 129

Membrane where the NT is recieved

Back 129

Post-Synaptic Membrane

Front 130

(Points of interconnection of pre-and post- synaptic cells) When an axon forms a synapse between itself and a dendrite it is called:

Back 130

Axodendritic synapses

Front 131

(Points of interconnection of pre-and post- synaptic cells) When the axon forms a synapse between itself and the cell body.

Back 131

Axosomatic synapses

Front 132

(Points of interconnection of pre-and post- synaptic cells) When the axon forms a synapse between itself and another axon.

Back 132

Axoaxonic synapses

Front 133

(Points of interconnection of pre-and post- synaptic cells) If a synapse is formed with a muscle it is called a(n):

Back 133

Neuromuscular junction

Front 134

(Points of interconnection of pre-and post- synaptic cells) If a synapse is formed with a gland it is called a(n):

Back 134

Neuroglandular junction

Front 135

What does NT stand for?

Back 135

Neurotransmitters

Front 136

Conduction is by the means of ________________.

Back 136

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Front 137

___________ is by the means of NEUROTRANSMITTERS.

Back 137

Conduction

Front 138

(TRUE/FALSE) Action potentials carried along nerve fiber cross the synaptic cleft.

Back 138

FALSE

Front 139

(TRUE/FALSE) Action potentials carried along nerve fiber cannot cross the synaptic cleft.

Back 139

TRUE

Front 140

________________ carried along nerve fiber cannot cross the synaptic cleft.

Back 140

Action potential

Front 141

Action potential carried along nerve fiber cannot cross the _____________.

Back 141

synaptic cleft

Front 142

Why is action potential carried along nerve fiber unable to cross the synaptic cleft?

Back 142

Because the cleft is too broad for such a weak current to travel across.

Front 143

The impulses of action potential are transmitted across the synaptic cleft by __________________.

Back 143

chemical messengers called NT

Front 144

The impulse of _____________________ are transmitted across the synaptic cleft by chemical messengers called NT.

Back 144

Action potential

Front 145

Neurotransmitters are synthesized in an axon and stored in vesicles in an enlarged region at the tip of the axon terminal called the synaptic knob, or bouton. This process is known as

Back 145

Synaptic Transmission

Front 146

In synaptic transmission neurotransmitters are synthesized in an _____________ and stored into ___________ in an enlarged region at the tip of the axon terminal called the synaptic knob, or bouton.

Back 146

Axon; Vesicles

Front 147

In Synaptic Transmission neurotransmitters are synthesized in an axon and stored in vesicles in an enlarged region at the tip of the axon terminal called the __________________ or _____________.

Back 147

Synaptic Knob or Bouton

Front 148

(Synaptic Transmission) NT is stored in these synaptic vesicles until the _______________________ arrives.

Back 148

Action Potential (AP)

Front 149

(Synaptic Transmission) The electrical impulse of the AP increases the permeability of the ______________ membrane to Ca++ ions.

Back 149

Presynaptic

Front 150

(Synaptic Transmission) The electrical impulse of the AP increases the permeability of the presynaptic membrane to _________________.

Back 150

Ca++ ions

Front 151

(Synaptic Transmission) When the _____ reaches the synaptic knob, this electrical stimulation causes the vesicles to migrate to and fuse with, the presynaptic membrane and release their contents, usually a few hundred vesicles, into the synaptic cleft by the process of EXOCYTOSIS.

Back 151

AP

Front 152

When the AP reaches the ____________, this electrical stimulation causes the vesicles to migrate and fuse with, the presynaptic membrane and release their contents, usually a few hundred vesicles into the synaptic cleft by the process of EXOCYTOSIS.

Back 152

synaptic knob

Front 153

When the AP reaches the synaptic knob, this electrical stimulation causes the ______________ to migrate and fuse with, the presynaptic membrane and release their contents, usually a few hundred vesicles, into the synaptic cleft by the process of EXOCYTOSIS.

Back 153

vesicles

Front 154

When the AP reaches the synaptic knob, this electrical stimulation causes the vesicles to migrate and ______ with, the presynaptic membrane and release their contents, usually a few hundred thousand vesicles, into the synaptic cleft by the process of EXOCYTOSIS.

Back 154

fuse

Front 155

When the AP reaches the synaptic knob, this electrical stimulation causes the vesicles to migrate and fuse with the ___________________, and release their contents, usually a few hundred vesicles, into the synaptic cleft by the process of EXOCYTOSIS.

Back 155

presynaptic membrane

Front 156

The process in which the AP reaches the synaptic knob, and this electrical stimulation causes the vesicles to migrate and fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents, usually a few hundred vesicles into the synaptic cleft.

Back 156

EXOCYTOSIS

Front 157

In Exocytosis, the amount of NT that is released is directly related to _______________ that enters the synaptic knowb

Back 157

the amount of Ca++ ions

Front 158

In Exocytosis, the amount of Ca++ ions that enters the synaptic knob are directly related to the _______________ that is released.

Back 158

amount of NT

Front 159

(Synaptic Transmission) NT molecules ________ across the cleft and bind with ____________ on the post synaptic knob.

Back 159

diffuse; specific receptors

Front 160

(Synaptic Transmission) NT molecules diffuse across the cleft and bind with _______________ on the post synaptic knob.

Back 160

specific receptors

Front 161

(Synaptic Transmission) NT molecules ______ across the cleft and bind with specific receptors on the post-synaptic membrane.

Back 161

diffuse

Front 162

(Synaptic Transmission) The receptor molecule specifically recognizes a _______ and elicit a specific cellular response.

Back 162

chemical

Front 163

(Synaptic Transmission) The receptor molecule specifically recognizes a chemical and __________________.

Back 163

elicit a specific cellular response

Front 164

Comination of NT's with receptors causes changes in the permeability of the post-synaptic membrane. (the membrane becomes more permeable to some ions-->the ion channels are open)

Back 164

Receptor-neurotransmitter Interaction

Front 165

These are chemically gated channels since they require interaction with a neurotransmitter or hormone (chemical) in order to open

Back 165

Receptor-neurotransmitter Interaction

Front 166

Increased Na+ permeability leads to what effect? (reduces membrane potential)

Back 166

Excitatory effect

Front 167

The Excitatory effect (reduces membrane potential) is caused by:

Back 167

Increased Na+ permeability

Front 168

Increased Cl- permeabilty leads to what effect? (increases membrane)

Back 168

Inhibitory effect

Front 169

The Inhibitory effect (increases membrane) is caused by:

Back 169

Increase in Cl-