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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Binary Fission |
a simple form of cell division |
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Chromatin |
a complex of DNA/proteins -DNA of a single chromosome is one long continuous double-stranded fiber |
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Chromosomes |
Composed of a single strand of chromatin, which are special proteins around which the DNA stands are wrapped Very long-condensed to fit in nucleus |
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Heterochromatin |
Not expressed -in non-dividing nucleus |
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Euchromatin |
Expressed |
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Nucleosome |
The complex of DNA & histone proteins -spaced 200 nucleotides apart along DNA |
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DNA Stand |
One ver long double- stranded fiber that extends unbroken through the chromosome's entire length |
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Solenoid |
String of nucleosomes wrapped in higher coil -organized into looped domains forms a chromatin loop -further radial looping of chromosomes forms rosettes. |
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Karyotype |
The particular array of chromosomes of an organism |
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Haploid (n) |
number of chromosomes -one set of chromosomes -human,23
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Diploid (2n) |
Two complete set s of chromosome -the normal number of chromosomes in a cell |
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How many total chromosomes does each human has in the somatic tissue? |
46 |
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When a diploid goes through mitosis how many diploid daughter cells come out? |
2 |
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Homologous |
The maternal & paternal chromosomes -Two genetically similar chromosomes, one from each parent.
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Meio |
Reduce |
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Gametes (Eggs/Sperm) |
Haploid |
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Soma |
Body |
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Homologous Chromosomes |
Attached at kinetochores - The two replicas of a single chromosome -Possess cohesin proteins - Formed during mitosis -Separated during mitosis |
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Choesin Proteins |
holds two identical DNA molecules together to ensure accurate partitioning of the replicate genome -One chromosome composed of two sister chromatids |
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G1 (gap phase 1) |
Primary growth phase, longest phase |
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S (Synthesis) |
Replication of DNA |
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G2 (gap phase 2) |
Preparation for separation of the newly replicated genome; -organelles such as mitochondria replicate, microtubules organize G1, S &G2 occur during interphase |
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M (mitosis) |
The essential step in the separation of the two daughter genomes; spindle apparatus assembles & binds to the chromosomes & moves the sister chromatids apart |
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C (cytokinesis) |
The cytoplasm divides & there is separation of the cell into two daughter cells - in plant cells cell plate formation occurs & in animal cells a cleavage furrow forms, which constricts the center of the cell & divides it into two separate cells -After cytokinesis the cell enter the G1 phase |
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G0 |
The resting phase of the cell cycle, which is a resting stage that cells move into when they are not going to divide. |
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What phase does the removal of cohesion protein happen?
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Anaphase
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Telo
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Last
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What do proteins control?
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-Chromosome separation & septum formation
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Kinetochore
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An attachment site for mitotic spindle fibers which are made of MICROTUBULES
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Mitosis four phases
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1. Prophase
2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase |
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Prophase
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The mitotic apparatus forms
-DNA Condenses to form chromosomes and attach the kinetochore |
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Metaphase
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Chromosomes align at the equator
-metaphase plate |
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Metaphase Plate
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Spindle microtubules pull chromosomes to the central plate of the cell, the equator
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Anaphase
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The Chromatids Separate
-removal of cohesion proteins |
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Cohesin Protein
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Causes centromeres to divide or split & move apart
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Spindle Poles
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Move apart
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Telophase
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The nucleus re-froms
-spindle apparatus disassembles -nuclear envelope or membrane forms around each set of sister chromatids |
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Cytokinesis
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Division of the cytoplasm
-The physical distribution of cytoplasmic material into the two daughter cells |
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G1/S Checkpoint
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Controls whether the cell will divide, delay division or enter a resting stage
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G2/M Checkpoint
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The cell makes a commitment to mitosis
-the success of DNA replication is assessed during the g2 phase - If all is not well, the cycle is stalled, arrested at this checkpoint |
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Late Metaphase Checkpoint
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The cell ensures that ALL chromosomes are attached to the spindle
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The P53 Gene
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Tumor
-Genes prevent the development of many cells containing mutation |
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Diploid Parent
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Undergoes mitosis & cytokinesis, resulting in two diploid daughter cells
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