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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Epidemiology
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the study of the distribution and determinants of health related problems in specified populations and the application of this study to the control of the health problems
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Physical activity epidemiology
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investigating the relationship between physical activity/exercise and various diseases and conditions in a population
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2 fundamental assumptions of epidemiology
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human disease does not occur at random.
human disease has causal and preventive factors that can be identified through scientific investigation |
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primary goal of epidemiology
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to identify the determinants of a disease to decrease mortality and morbidity within a population
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physical activity
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any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in energy expenditure
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exercise
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physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and results in the improvements or maintenance of one or more facets of physical fitness
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risk factors
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biological, environmental, and behavioral factors that are shown to be associated with the increase in risk of a chronic disease process
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primary risk factors
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work independently of other risk factors, modifiable, non-modifiable
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example of primary risk factor
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Coronary artery disease;
Non-Modifiable=heredity, Modifiable= high blood pressure |
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Secondary risk factor
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plays a role in development only when a related primary factor is present
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Example of secondary risk factor
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Coronary Artery Disease;
stress, obesity, diabetes |
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Rate and what the fraction is
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the measurement of the amount of disease in a population;
the fraction is the # of people with disease/ total number of people in the population |
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Mortality rate
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rates of death
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Morbidity rate
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the rates of individuals with the disease
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incidence rates
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an estimate of the number of individuals within a population who develop that disease within a specific time period
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prevalence rates
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an estimate of the number of people who already have the disease in a population at a particular point in time
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when does prevalence of a specific disease increase (3 reason)
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-the number of new cases increases (incidence)
-the duration of the disease increases -Both duration of disease and incidence increase |
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biological plausibility
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the fact that the hypothesis and the relationship being proposed are in harmony with the scientific information; plays a key role in sound epidemiological research
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confounding variables
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a variable with an effect that is entangles with the effect of physical activity; its difficult to separate the effects of the confounder from physical activity
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Example of confounding variable
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age and physical activity on the development of diabetes
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what is a Physical Activity Survey?
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a subjective recall of the activity engaged in over a specific period of time; must be specifically designed for the type of physical activity and health outcome in question
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epidemiology study designs (3)
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-Experimental: powerful, conclusive, expensive
-Observational: popular, less conclusive, easier to administer -Clinical Trials: most powerful, efforts are made to prevent or delay the onset of a disease process, individuals free from disease are randomly assigned to intervention or control groups, follow up assessments are made |
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Observational Designs
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-Cross-Sectional:Collect info about health outcome and potential risk factor at the same time within the same group.
-Retrospective (Case-control design):questioning of people with and without the disease about their past exposure to specific risk factors. -prospective design(longitudinal): strongest of observational study method, identify and follow up individuals initially free of disease and establish if the risk factor in question contributed to the causation |
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The surgeons general report-1996
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-a national statement on the importance of physical activity
-told what was known about physical activity status -required reading for ex science students |
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prevalence of physical inactivity
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25% of all US adults dont engage in any leisure time physical activity
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New Exercise guidelines
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-30 mins a day of accumulated moderate physical activity
-targeted at 25% thats inactive -greatest benefit is seen in those who need it the most |
