Chapter 10: Dna: The Chemical Nature Of The Gene

Front 1

Transforming Principle

Back 1

Substance responsible for transformation. DNA is the transforming principle.

Front 2

Isotopes (S and P)

Back 2

Different forms of an element that have the same number of protons and electrons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Front 3

X-ray diffraction

Back 3

Method for analyzing the three-dimensional shape and structure of chemical substances. Crystals of a substance are bombarded with X-rays, which hit the crystals, bounce off, and produce a diffraction pattern on a detector. The pattern of the spots produced on the detector provides information about the molecular structure.

Front 4

Ribose and Deoxyribose

Back 4

Ribose: Five-carbon sugar in RNA.

Deoxyribose: Five-carbon sugar in DNA; lacks a hydroxyl group on the 2′-carbon atom.

Front 5

Phosphate Backbone

Back 5

A phosphate backbone is the portion of the DNA double helix that provides structural support to the molecule.

Each strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate groups.

Front 6

Nitrogenous base

Back 6

Nitrogen-containing base that is one of the three parts of a nucleotide.

Front 7

Purine and Pyrimidine

Back 7

Purine: Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA. Adenine and guanine are purines.

Pyrimidine: Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.

Front 8

Adenine

Back 8

Purine

Front 9

Guanine

Back 9

Purine

Front 10

Cytosine

Back 10

Pyrimidine

Front 11

Uracil

Back 11

Pyrimidine

Front 12

Thymine

Back 12

Pyrimidine

Front 13

Deoxyribonucleotide

Back 13

Basic building block of DNA, consisting of deoxyribose, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Front 14

Ribonucleotide

Back 14

Nucleotide containing ribose; present in RNA.

Front 15

Nucleotide

Back 15

A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

Front 16

Nitrogenous base

Back 16

Nitrogen-containing base that is one of the three parts of a nucleotide.

Front 17

Purine and Pyrimidine

Back 17

Purine: Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA. Adenine and guanine are purines.

Pyrimidine: Type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA. Cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines.

Front 18

Adenine

Back 18

Purine

Front 19

Guanine

Back 19

Purine

Front 20

Cytosine

Back 20

Pyrimidine

Front 21

Uracil

Back 21

Pyrimidine

Front 22

Thymine

Back 22

Pyrimidine

Front 23

Deoxyribonucleotide

Back 23

Basic building block of DNA, consisting of deoxyribose, a phosphate, and a nitrogenous base.

Front 24

Ribonucleotide

Back 24

Nucleotide containing ribose; present in RNA.

Front 25

Nucleotide

Back 25

A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

Front 26

5' and 3' ends

Back 26

5: End of the polynucleotide chain where a phosphate is attached to the 5′-carbon atom of the nucleotide.

3: End of a polynucleotide chain where an OH group is attached to the 3′-carbon atom of the nucleotide.

Front 27

Complementary DNA strands

Back 27

The relation between the two nucleotide strands of DNA in which each purine on one strand pairs with a specific pyrimidine on the opposite strand (A pairs with T, and G pairs with C).

Front 28

Antiparallel

Back 28

Refers to a characteristic of the DNA double helix in which the two polynucleotide strands run in opposite directions.

Front 29

B-DNA

Back 29

Right-handed helical structure of DNA that exists when water is abundant; the secondary structure described by Watson and Crick and probably the most common DNA structure in cells.

Front 30

A-DNA

Back 30

Right-handed helical structure of DNA that exists when little water is present.

Front 31

Z-DNA

Back 31

Secondary structure of DNA characterized by 12 bases per turn, a left-handed helix, and a sugar–phosphate backbone that zigzags back and forth.

Front 32

Central Dogma

Back 32

Concept that genetic information passes from DNA to RNA to protein in a one-way information pathway.

Front 33

5′-methylcytosine

Back 33

Modified nucleotide, consisting of cytosine to which a methyl group has been added; predominate form of methylation in eukaryotic DNA.

Front 34

Transcription

Back 34

Process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template.

Front 35

Translation

Back 35

Process by which a protein is assembled from information contained in messenger RNA.

Front 36

DNA Replication

Back 36

Process by which DNA is synthesized from a single-stranded nucleotide template.