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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Coronary artery disease (CAD)
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• arteries supplying myocardium
• narrowing leads to ischemia • sx-angina pectoris • etio-due to atherosclerosis • eventually can lead to MI • tx-meds, angioplasty/cabbage |
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Angina pectoris
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• chest pain after exertion
• due to decreased O2 to myocardium • etio-atherosclerosis or vasospasm • tx-rest, nitroglycerin |
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Myocardial infartction
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• death of myocardial tissue
• ischemia and infarct • sx-crushing pain, radiating to jaw, shoulder, diaphoresis (or typical) • etio-coronary thrombosis • dx-EKG changes and increase cardiac enzymes • tx-O2, morphine, ASA, vasodilation, thrombolytics, return blood flow |
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Hypertensive heart disease
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• Most prevalent cardiovascular disorder in US
• essential=primary • onset is insidious • sx-headaches, epistaxis, syncope; detected during routine exam • etio-unknown (stress, age, heredity, smoking, obesity, type A • BP-120/80 • tx-medications prescribed, decrease salt in diet |
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Malignant hypertensive heart disease
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• BP 200/120
• sx-headache, blurred vison, dyspnea • at risk for stroke or renal damage • tx-IV meds |
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Corpulmonale
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• right-sided heart failure
• sx-dyspnea, JVD, extremity edema • hepatomegaly • etio-pulmonary dx with increase of work of right heart which causes right ventricular hypertrophy • tx-bronchodilators, O2, rest, digitalis |
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Pulmonary edema
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• Fluid shifts to extravascular spaces of lungs
• sx-dyspnea, orthopnea,increase heart and respiratory rates, bloody sputum • etio-left-sided heart failure • tx-fowlers 02 diuretics • can be life threatening; emergency |
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Pericarditis
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• inflammation of serosa
• etio-many causes: infection, trauma, rheumatic fever, neoplasm • can cause scarring, interferes with contractions of heart • tx-underlying diseases |
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Myocarditis
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• inflammation of muscular layer
• sx-palpitations, fatigue, dyspnea • etio-pathogen or toxin • dx-increase cardiac enzymes, ventricular enlargement, ECG, muscle bx • tx-anti-infective |
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Endocarditis
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• inflammation of the lining and valves
• causes vegetative growths on valves • etio-bacterium • hx of rheumatic heart disease-more prone to endocarditis • dx-blood tests echocardiogram • tx-anti-infectives, sometimes surgery • prevention: prophylatic antibodies |
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rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
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• systemic disease of joints and heart
• sx-sore throat (group a beta-hemolytic streptococcus) • sx-joint pain, carditis, cardiomegaly • etio-antibodies formed to strep and cause inflammation and vetetations to form on the heart valves • prevention is to treat all strep throats • tx-reduce stenosis of valves; replacement |
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mitral stenosis
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• dx-murmure
• tx-decrease sodium, diuretics, anticoagulants • tx-commissurotomy, replacement |
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mitral insufficiency
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• mitral valve fails to close completely
• usually 2nd to rheumatic fever |
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Mitral valve prolapse
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• sx-asymptomatic
• dx-click-murmur • tx-usually not required • tx-betablockers, avoid caffeine, heave meals |
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arrhythmias
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• disturbance in conduction system of heart
• dx-12 lead EKG |
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Shock
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• collapse of cardiovascular system, leads to inadequate perfusion; many causes
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cardiogenic shock
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• heart fails to pump, usually associated with MI
• dx-ECG continued decrease in BP |
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Cardiac tamponade
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• coronary vessel breaks or heart muscles ruptures; blood is trapped in pericardial sac
• etio-trauma to vessel or heart • dx-muffled heart sounds, normal breath sounds • tx-remove blood with needle and repair vessel or heart |
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Emboli
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• clots of aggregated material, occluded vessel
• often starts as venous thrombosis • tx-aggressive, heparin |
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artherosclerosis
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• fatty plaque of arterial tunica intima; causes MI and CVAs
• 7 risk factors • dx-blood tests, decrease BP |
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aneurysms
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• weakening and dilation of wall of artery
• Abdominal aortic is the most common • complication is leakage or rupture • etio-artherosclerosis; bruit heard |
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phlebitis
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• inflammation of vein, any vein deep venous common
• tx-do not massage |
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Thrombophlebitis
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• inflammation of vein with clot formation
• sx-swelling, warmth, tenderness, pain • etio-venous stasis • dx-venogram • tx-heparin |
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raynaud disease
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• vasospatic disease of fingers, hands, or feet
• sx-pain, numbness, discoloration; blanching red, purple • etio-spasm follows exposure to cold • dx-hx, affect women puberty to 40 • tx-warmth, stop smoking |
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anemias
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• decrease red blood cells or hemoglobin
• decrease ability to carry O2 • sx-palor, fatigue, dizziness, SOB, dyspnea, syncope, edema • dx-blood tests • tx-varies with cause |
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polysythemia
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• increase in RBC mass
• sx-splenomegaly, clubbing • etio-bone marrow produces more cells • tx-phlebotomy |
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Thrombocytopenia
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decrease in clotting cells
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lymphedema
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• abnormal collection of lymph in the extremities
• etio-mechanical or inflammatory • increased risk of infection • tx-reduce swelling |
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lymphangitis
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inflammation of lymph vessels (red streaks)
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lymphoma
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• malignant neoplasm of lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue
• dysfunctional lymphocytes; replace normal cells • describe as stages I, II, III, IV • types; hodgkins and non hodgkins |
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Hodgkin lymphoma
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• sx-enlargement of lymphnodes, itching, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly
• etio-unknown ?epstein Barr virus • dx-made by bx with presence of Reed-Sternberg cells • tx-chemo, radiation, may be cured |
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Hemophilia
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• hereditary bleeding disorder
• deficiency of clotting factors • first sx at birth • etio-x-linked genetic disorder in males • dx-bleeding time, platelet count, PT and PTT factor VIII assay • tx-no cure |
