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Chapter 10 - A Growing National Identity

Chapter 10 - A Growing National Identity

by abbyosteen, Oct. 2014

Subjects: History, Pre-Columbus to 1877, US History, The American Journey

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115 Cards in this Set

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What years was the Era of Good Feelings?	1817-1825	During Monroe's two terms.
What years did the First Seminole War take place?	1817-1818
What year was the Convention of 1818?	1818	But realllly....
What year was the Adams-Onis Treaty created?	1819
When was the Panic of 1819?	1819
What year was McCulloch v. Maryland?	1819
When was the Missouri Compromise?	1820
When was the Monroe Doctrine proclaimed?	1823
When was the Erie Canal completed?	1825
What is defined as a strong sense of national consciousness?	Nationalism
Who became the president after James Madison?	James Monroe	Elected in 1816
Name four good things that happened after the War of 1812.	- settlement expansion - technology progress leading to growth in transportation system & boosting economy. - cultural expansion (school of literature & art) - peace in politics & establishing future plans	Madison oversaw the first year of peace and Monroe stepped into his place continuing the plans to increase the nation's strength.
Who ran against Monroe in 1816?	Rufus King	Federalist from New York
What is another name for Democratic-Republicans?	Republicans
What was the last year the Federalist Party had a candidate run in the presidential election?	1816	The Monroe vs. King election
When was James Monroe's presidential term?	1817-1825
Who was elected on March 4, 1817?	James Monroe	The last of the Virginia Dynasty of presidents.
Who was James Monroe's Vice President?	Daniel D. Tompkins	The governor of New York.
Why didn't Monroe sleep in the White House after his inauguration?	The British burned it down in the War of 1812.	They refurbished Washington D.C. after this.
What was different about Monroe's inauguration?	It was the first inaugural address held outdoors.	He spoke about protection of domestic manufacturing, the construction of roads and canals, and the need to improve defenses, all increasing the unity of the nation.
List some of Monroe's qualifications from his extensive history in public service.	He was: - an officer to George Washington - a member of the assembly, a U.S. Senator, and later the governor. (Virginia) - the Secretary of State - the Secretary of War during the War of 1812 (under Madison)
What were Monroe's two presidential terms labeled?	The Era of Good Feelings	Originated from a Bostonian newspaper, the Colombian Centinel.
When the Federalist Party virtually collapse?	Shortly after Monroe first took office.	Nearly everyone in Congress called themselves a republican at this point.
Copying George Washington, what did Monroe do the first few months of his presidency?	Traveled the country on a goodwill tour.	15 weeks in the northern (former federalist dominated area) states.
Which city in the north was the Federalist stronghold?	Boston	Monroe was met with enthusiasm even here, confirming the new feeling of togetherness across the nation.
What were the major issues causing differences between sections of the nation during the Era of Good Feelings?	- Tariffs - The Second Bank of the US - what part of government was supposed to pay for internal improvements - slavery	Being cognizant of these, Monroe devised a cabinet with members from the varying sections.
The US experience great internal migration during what years?	1815 to 1828
What year did Mississippi achieve statehood?	1817
What year did Alabama become a state?	1819
What resolved armament and boundary issues between the US and Great Britain on the Canadian-US border in 1817 & 1818?	The Rush-Bagot Agreement	They agreed to naval disarmament of the great lakes and this established the principle of unfortified borders. (The longest undefended border between two countries.)
In 1871, what established complete mutual disarmament between the US and Great Britain?	The Treaty of Washington
What was signed by the US and Great Britain to set the Canadian-US boundary at the 49th parallel as well as state that the two would jointly occupy the Oregon Territory for ten years?	The Convention of 1818
What part of the US had boundary issues and was annexed in stages, first in 1810 and then in 1812?	West Florida	Spain protested, but was too militarily weak to do anything about the situation.
Who was sent to secure the East Florida border during the First Seminole War (1817-18)?	General Andrew Jackson	Along with the hostile Indians that harassed the American border settlements, East Florida also became a haven for runaway slaves.
When Jackson invaded East Florida, what two things did he do going above his authority?	- He captured two Spanish forts. - He executed two British traders.	Although Spain and England were both upset for a while, Jackson was not punished and the Americans were pleased that East Florida had been brought under American military control.
In what treaty did Spain agree to abandon its claims to Florida, give up its claims on the Pacific Northwest, and set the boundary between the US and Mexico all the way up to the Pacific Ocean?	The Adams-Onis Treaty	1819 - John Quincy Adams (Secretary of State) & Luis de Onis (Spanish Minister)
In the Adams-Onis treaty, what part did the US play for the Spanish, making these two compromises?	- They assumed responsibility for the $5 million in claims they had mad against Spain during the Napoleonic Wars over damage to US shipping. - They agreed to abandon any claims that Texas was part of the Louisiana Territory.	Spain's Part: - Abandoned its claims to Florida - Gave up its claims on the Pacific Northwest - Set the boundary between the US and Mexico all the way up to the Pacific Ocean
What played major roles in the transportation revolution in the early 19th century?	Roads, steamboats, canals, and railroads.	It became necessary to improve modes of transportation for personal reasons as well as getting manufactured goods to the West and agricultural goods to the East.
In 1815, what was the fastest transportation available to travel over land?	Stagecoaches	Travel by wagons over rural roads was a grueling task.
What turnpike was built in 1794?	Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike	It had begun the effort to make passable roads.
By the War of 1812, what connected the major commercial cities of the north?	Turnpikes
What was the most important federal road project?	Construction of the National Road in 1811.	AKA Cumberland Road (Opened for traffic in 1818)
What involving the road system was one of the areas of disagreements in the nation?	Whether the states or the federal government was to finance construction.
Why did President Monroe veto the Cumberland Road Bill in 1822?	He believed the federal government lacked constitutional authority to pay for internal improvements.	He did propose an amendment to explicitly grant the federal government such authority, but Congress didn't follow up with his proposal. (Costs were left mostly up to the states.)
Who perfected a steam engine in 1807?	Robert Fulton - (Fulton's Folly)	Called the Clermont
By 1860, what were there more than 1,000 of in America's major river highways?	Steamboats	They replaced keelboats (pushed with poles)
What are man made rivers dug out of the ground?	Canals	Barges, or flatboats, were pulled by horses or mules walking next to the canals.
What was built to connect the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean?	The Erie Canal	New York's plans to build it really opened the door to a wider use of canals in transporting goods in the early 19th century.
Who headed the idea of building a canal from Buffalo to Albany?	DeWitt Clinton, New York governor	Called "Clinton's Big Ditch" or "the Governor's Gutter"
How long was the Erie Canal?	363 miles	Construction began on July 4, 1817 and ended in October of 1825
What were some of the negative aspects resulting from the Erie canal?	- Disease came down the canal - Rowdy culture developed among the workers along the system.
As a result of the Erie Canal, what effected New York positively?	It became the busiest of America's ports.
Between 1815 and 1840, how many miles of canals were built all over the nation?	3,000 miles
What was the most important means of transportation in the 19th century?	Railroads	The Iron Horse
What became the first major railroad system in the nation?	Baltimore and Ohio (B&O)	It smells bad..
What year was the B&O Company formed?	1827	Construction began in 1828 and ended in 1853.
Where was the terminus for the B&O railroad?	Wheeling, Virginia
Who built the first train on the B&O railroad?	Peter Cooper (New York)	It was called Tom Thumb
When was the first steam-powered locomotive built?	1830	Tom Thumb - Peter Cooper
When was the railroad building craze?	1830s-1860s	30,000 miles of railroad built & 3/4 of it was in the North.
What brought an end to the canal-building era?	Railroads
What made railroads safer, and more successful?	The Electric Telegraph
When was the electric telegraph invented?	1837
Who invented the electric telegraph?	Samuel F. B. Morse	By 1860 there were more than 50,000 miles of telegraph lines across the nation.
Who developed the first factory system in the 1750s?	Great Britain
What is the machine method of making products on a grand scale?	Factory System
What are the four reasons factories developed late in the US?	- Land was cheap & people didn't want to work indoors for a master. - Capital/raw materials were not available - British kept secrets & machines in country - The US didn't have many consumers to purchase factory output.
What is the term for already-produced durable goods or any non-financial asset that is used in the production of goods or services?	Capital
Who gave life to the factory system in the US?	Samuel Slater	In 1791, he escaped to Rhode Island with the plans for spinning machinery.
Who backed Samuel Slater, putting the first American machinery into operation?	Moses Brown (Quaker)	For spinning cotton thread!
Who perfected the cotton gin in 1793?	Eli Whitney	Provided Slater's factory with cheap cotton.
What made King Cotton spread across the South, becoming the chief source of fiber to make thread/cloth and why?	The Cotton Gin; It could quickly separate the seeds from the lint and turn the cotton out more cheaply and efficiently.	Before the process of separating the seeds from the lint was so expensive that cotton cloth was costly and rare.
What is the term for achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense?	Efficient
Why did manufacturing stay on a small and limited scale before 1815?	America was a nation of small businesses and self-sufficient farmers.
When did it become obvious that more manufacturing plants were needed to provide goods previously bought from England?	During the Embargo Act	Late 1807 - 1809
What do you call any material made of interlacing fibers?	Textile
Where was the center for manufacturing?	New England
What three things made New England ideal for manufacturing?	- Stony soil meant no farms, so more workers were available for factories. - Coastal ports provided capital and arrival/departure points. - Rapid rivers provided power to machines.
What placed a duty on 25 percent of imports into the country?	The Tariff Act of 1816
Who established the factory system on the Charles River located in Waltham, Massachusetts?	Francis Cabot Lowell	In 1813
What was the system called in which factories were placed on rivers because their rapid currents turned large paddle wheels, which in turn connected to a system of interconnected shafts that powered the machines doing the work?	The Lowell System	1813
What town was founded in 1826, where six firms were established?	Lowell
The Lowell System was perceived as a model of the positive aspects of the factory system. Name four reasons why.	- Reduced costs to compete with British imports - Used newest innovation - All processes of textile production happened in one factory - Young women performed the work, & were taken care of.
As the textile market became more competitive, what four conditions worsened for the young women of Lowell?	- Wages declined - Hours increase - They were overcrowded - The boarding houses deteriorated.
What union did the New England textile mill girls organize?	The Factory Girls' Association
What year did the Factory Girls' Association strike against wage reductions?	1834
What did the Factory Girls' Association strike against in 1836?	Rent increases.
The first associations in America that can be equated to Unions were first formed in what year?	1790
What was considered the cradle of American unionism?	Philadelphia
One of the first unions was formed in 1792 by what group?	Shoemakers	It was short lived.
What was the union that conducted the first organized strike in 1799?	Federal Society of Journeyman Cordwainers	It was a more lasting union.
What important working element did house carpenters strike for in 1791?	The 10 hour day
How many court cases ended with the verdict of criminal conspiracy against various union workers in their joint effort to raise wages?	19
Name three things that slowed down the development of unions in the US.	- The recession at the end of the War 1812 - The economic downturn after the Panic of 1819 - The convictions of criminal conspiracy
What four things did the economic upturn of the 1820s lead to?	- An increase in associations - Unskilled mill workers joined the ass.'s & coined the term "union" - The unions wanted higher wages and 10 hour days - These activities established practices for national labor unions post-Civil War
What is the name for a sustained increase in the general price level of goods and services in an economy over a period of time?	Inflation	It was brought on by state banks issuing more paper currency than they actually had in their reserves.
What allowed 1/3 of those buying land in the west to buy it on credit?	The Land Act of 1800
What was called the "Monster"?	The national Bank
What did many in the West blame the Bank for?	The Panic of 1819	The Bank's practices weren't the only cause, but many blamed it for the entire problem.
What were the six main causes of the economic Panic of 1819?	- Western land; Speculation in sales - Investments; Overextending investments - Foreign markets; Collapsing - Cotton market; Slumping - Foreign goods; Influx - The Bank; Contraction of credit by the Bank of the US to state banks in debt.
What is an arrival or entry of large numbers of people or things called?	Influx
What do you call an attempt to minimize or limit the amount of credit that is currently available to consumers?	Credit Contraction
What cause (in 1819) rallied many to Andrew Jackson and his Jacksonian Democracy in the future?	Hostility against the Bank
Why did some states (i.e. Missouri, Illinois, and Kentucky) pass legislation during the Panic of 1819?	To give relief to debtors.	It was not an uncommon practice to use work houses or prison for this purpose as well.
What abolished the practice of purchasing land on credit?	The Land Act of 1820	This also lowered the price of federal land to $1.25 per acre and reduced the minimum amount for purchase to 80 acres.
What allowed farmers to return land to the government that had not been paid for?	The Relief Act of 1821
In 1820, what President's second term went unopposed?	James Monroe	Although one New Hampshire elector cast a vote for John Quincy Adams.
What state placed a tax on their branch of the Bank of the US, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional?	Maryland
What is the term for declining to vote?	Abstention	There were three in the 1820 reelection of Monroe.
"The Bank was constitutional under the general welfare clause of the Constitution and through the doctrine of implied powers of Congress," was the ruling in what court case in 1819?	McCulloch v. Maryland	Therefore, the state involved in this case could not tax a federally chartered bank.
Who wrote "The power to tax involves the power to destroy" in the ruling on McCulloch v. Maryland?	Chief Justice John Marshall
In what case did Chief Justice John Marshall rule that the Supreme Court had the right to review the decisions of all state supreme courts in cases involving the powers of the federal government?	Cohens v. Virginia	In 1821 (The man who appealed to the Supreme Court sold lottery tickets illegally.)
What three court cases were aimed at the power of the states during Monroe's Presidency?	- McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - Cohens v. Virginia (1821) - Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
In what case did the Court rule that only Congress had the right to regulate interstate commerce?	Gibbons v. Ogden
Under what act did Thomas Gibbons secure his own license to ferry items across the river?	Federal Coasting Act of 1793	He went into competition with Aaron Ogden, former employer.