Chapter 10

Front 1

Receptors _____ or change, different forms of energy in the "real world" into the energy of nerve impulses that are conducted into the CNS by sensory neurons.

Back 1

Transduce

Front 2

Sensory neurons can be grouped according to what?

Back 2

The type of stimulus they transduce

Front 3

This type of sensory neuron are the rods and the cones in the retina of the eye

Back 3

Photoreceptors

Front 4

This type of sensory receptor senses chemical stimuli in the environment or the blood (ex. tastebuds)

Back 4

Chemoreceptors

Front 5

This type of sensory neuron respond to the heat and cold

Back 5

Thermoreceptors

Front 6

This type of sensory neuron responds to changes in mecahnical forces such as pressure

Back 6

Mechanoreceptors

Front 7

This type of receptor is known as the pain receptors and have a high threshold for activation than do other cutaneous receptor, thus a more intense stiminuli is required for stimulation.

Back 7

Nociceptors

Front 8

What are the 3 types of mechanoreceptors?

Back 8

Proprioceptors, baroreceptors, and stretch receptors

Front 9

Receptors cannot only be grouped by the type of stimulus they tranduce, but also according to what?

Back 9

The type of sensory information they deliver to the brain

Front 10

This type of receptor sense changes in muscle tension (give person sense of body position

Back 10

proprioceptors

Front 11

This type of receptor detects degree of inflation in lungs and fullness in stomach

Back 11

Stretch receptor

Front 12

This type of receptor is located in blood vessels and detect change in blood pressure

Back 12

Baroreceptor

Front 13

When receptors are stimulated, changes occur in their _____ _______(results in Action Potential)

Back 13

Membrane potential

Front 14

_____ _____ are free nerve endings that are stimulated by tissue damage and respond to various stimuli

Back 14

Nocireceptors(Pain receptors)

Front 15

1. When sensory receptors are continuously stimulated, they may undergo _____ _____ in which the amount of stimuli required for the receptor to respond is increased.

Back 15

Sensory Adaptation

Front 16

Sensory neurons associated with odor, touch, & temperature readily adapt while pain receptors adapt _____(little or alot)

Back 16

very little

Front 17

These type of senses are those whose receptors occur in relatively large, complex sensory organs of the head

Back 17

Special Senses

Front 18

In guttination, the receptors are the ______.

Back 18

Taste Buds

Front 19

What is the sense of taste called?

Back 19

Gustation

Front 20

What is the sense of smell called?

Back 20

Olfaction

Front 21

The receptors responsible for the sense of smell are located in the what?

Back 21

Olfactory Epithelium

Front 22

The sense of equilibrium is provided by structures in the inner ear that is collectively known as what?

Back 22

Vestibular Apparatus

Front 23

What 2 parts is the Vestibular apparatus composed of?

Back 23

The otolith organs and the semicircular canals

Front 24

The vestibular apparatus is composed of two parts and is located within the what?

Back 24

Membranous Labrynth

Front 25

What 2 parts does the otolith organs contain?

Back 25

Utricle and Saccule

Front 26

The sensory structures of the apparatus and choclea are located within the ______ _____.

Back 26

Membranous Labryinth

Front 27

The membranous labrynth is filled with fluid called what?

Back 27

Endolymph

Front 28

The receptors for equilibrium are what?

Back 28

Modified epithelial cells

Front 29

The membranous labryinth is located within the ____ ____.

Back 29

Bony Labrynth

Front 30

The bony labrynth is filled with a fluid called what?

Back 30

Perilymph

Front 31

These hair cells and the ___ and ____ detect linear acceleration.

Back 31

Utricle and Saccule

Front 32

The changes in velocity when traveling horizontally and vertically and therefore we have a sense of acceleration and deceleration when riding in a car.

Back 32

Linear acceleration

Front 33

Maintaining one’s balance when turning head, spinning, or tumbling

Back 33

Roational Acceleration

Front 34

Rotational acceleration is detected by what?

Back 34

Semicurcular Canal

Front 35

Each otolith organ (utricle and saccule) contains a _____ that consists of _____ & ______.

Back 35

Macula, hair cells, supporting cells

Front 36

The hair cells of the otolith organs project into the ____ filled membranous labryinth, with their hairs embedded in the gelatinous _______.

Back 36

Endolymph, Otolithic Membrane

Front 37

Movement of the head causes the __________ to slide and cause the hair cells to bend

Back 37

Otolithic Membrane

Front 38

Vestibular nuclei of the medulla send impulses along the _____ nerve. This is why sight plays a role in equilibrium

Back 38

Oculomotor

Front 39

When movement of the head occurs and the otolithic membrane slides, it stimulates the sensory nerve fibers which transmit impulses along the ______ branch of the ________nerve and onto the _____ and the _______.

Back 39

Vesibular branch, vestibulocochlear nerve,cerebellum and medulla oblongata

Front 40

Each semicircular canal contains an ____, which itself contains a ______, which contains _________.

Back 40

Ampula, Crista Ampullaris, sensory hair cells

Front 41

The hair cells of the semicircular canals extend into a gelatinous substance called the _____.

Back 41

Cupula

Front 42

the cupula is moved by the movement of ________.

Back 42

Endolymph

Front 43

Describe the pathway in which sound travels into the outer ear

Back 43

Sound waves-->Pinna-->External Auditory Meatus--->tympanic membrane(eardrum)

Front 44

How many planes does the semicircular canals lie in?

Back 44

3

Front 45

Small bones of the middle ear are called?

Back 45

Ossicles

Front 46

Name the 3 middle ear ossicles

Back 46

Malleus, incus, and stapes

Front 47

This ossicle of the middle ear is attatched to the tympanic membrane and is described as the "hammer".

Back 47

Malleus

Front 48

This ossicle of the middle ear receives vibrations from the malleus & passes them onto the stapes and is describes as the "anvil"

Back 48

Incus

Front 49

This ossicle of the middle ear receives vibrations from the incus & passes them to the oval window (therefore the oval window vibrates because the tympanic membrane vibrated) and is also described as the stirrup

Back 49

Stapes

Front 50

The inner ear consist of what 2 parts?

Back 50

Choclea and vestibular apparatus

Front 51

This process describes how sound passes through the chochlea. Vibrations from the ____ ____ displaces(moves) the perilymph within the _____ _____, causing pressure waves in the _____ ____, where they continue on to the ____ ____ and then the _____ ____ and into the ____ ____ cavity.

Back 51

Oval window, scala vestibuli, scala vestibule, scala tympani, round window, middle ear

Front 52

This describes a process within the choclea. With high enough sound frequency, pressure waves are transmitted into the ______ membrane, through the ___membrane and into the ___ ____

Back 52

Vestibular, basilar, scala tympani

Front 53

The functional unit of hearing. (Spiral Organ) in the inner ear

Back 53

Organ of Corti

Front 54

During the passing of the sound waves, the ____ membrane and the _____ membrane are displaced. (Choclea)

Back 54

Vestibular and basilar

Front 55

What 3 parts form the Organ of Corti?

Back 55

basilar membrane, hair cells of sensory fibers, & tectorial membrane

Front 56

When talking about the Organ of Corti, the hair cells are embedded within what membrane?

Back 56

Tectorial

Front 57

opening between the scala vestibule & scala tympani is called what

Back 57

Choclear Duct

Front 58

What are 2 types of hearing impairments?

Back 58

Conduction deafness and sensorineural

Front 59

When the cochlear duct is displaced by pressure waves from the perilymph, the tectorial membrane slides over the sensory hair cells, causing them to bend. This results in _____ of the hair cells that releases a chemical transmitter that will then stimulate associated sensory neurons.

Back 59

Depolarization

Front 60

Impairment of the transmission of sound waves through middle ear

Back 60

Conduction Deafness

Front 61

impairment of anywhere from cochlea to the auditory cortex

Back 61

Sensorineural

Front 62

Describe the pathway of light

Back 62

Cornea-->anterior chamber-->pupil-->lens-->posterior chamber-->retina

Front 63

This type of muscle that contriols the pupil contract in response to dim light, thus dilating pupil and increasing the amount of light entering the eye

Back 63

Radially

Front 64

The pupil is controlled by two groups of smooth muscles, name them

Back 64

Radially and circullary arranged muscles

Front 65

Radially arranged muscles in the pupil are controlled by what type of neurons

Back 65

Sympathetic

Front 66

This type of muscle which controls the pupil constrict in response to bright light, thus constricting pupil and decreasing the amount of light allowed into the eye

Back 66

Circular

Front 67

Circular arranged muscles are controlled by what type of neurons

Back 67

Parasympathetic

Front 68

the “bending” of light caused by the cornea and lens is called what?

Back 68

Refraction

Front 69

Accomidation is controlled by the contraction and relaxation of the ______ which changes the shape of the lens

Back 69

Ciliary Muscle

Front 70

The ability of the eye to maintain an image on the retina as the distance of object changes and allows for focusing

Back 70

Accomidation

Front 71

A contracted ciliary muscle = more or less tension on the lens?

Back 71

Less

Front 72

A contracted ciliary muscle is when the lens becomes _____(flattened or rounded) for more ____images.(distant or closer)

Back 72

Flattened, distant

Front 73

_____ refers to the sharpness of an image

Back 73

Visual Acuity

Front 74

relaxed ciliary muscle = ____ tension of lens (lens becomes more _____ for _____ images

Back 74

Increased, rounded, closer

Front 75

____=normal vision

Back 75

emmitropia

Front 76

Problems of visual acuity is also known as impairment of ______.

Back 76

Refraction

Front 77

Nearsightedness

Back 77

Myopia

Front 78

This disorder refers to an elongated eye and results in rays of light focusing in front of retina and is corrected with ____ lenses, which causes increased divergence of rays

Back 78

Myopia(nearsightedness), concave lenses

Front 79

Farsightedness

Back 79

Hyperopia

Front 80

This disorder is defined as the eyeball being too short, which would result in the focus occurring behind the retina and is corrected with ___ lens, which increases convergence of light rays

Back 80

Hyperopia, Convex lenses

Front 81

This disorder refers to significant asymmetry of the cornea and/or lens and is corrected with _____ lens that is customized to the asymmetry of the cornea or lens

Back 81

Astigmitism, uneven lenses

Front 82

The layer of the eye that contains the photoreceptors

Back 82

Retina

Front 83

This part of the retina contain the light sensitive pigment rhodopsin and are highly sensitive to light therefore providing colorless vision in dim light

Back 83

Rods

Front 84

The retina contains what 2 things?

Back 84

Rods and cones

Front 85

This part of the retina is less sensitive to light but provide color vision & greater visual acuity. The more light, the greater these function

Back 85

Cones

Front 86

Name the neural pathway for vision.

Back 86

retina --> optic nerve --> optic chiasm (cross-over of axons) --> visual cortex of the occipital lobe

Front 87

Vestibular nystagmus(the room is spinning) is one of the symptoms of an inner ear disease called__________ and an early symtom is ringing in the ears

Back 87

Meniere's Disease

Front 88

Loss of accomidating ability with age is known as ___

Back 88

Presbyopia

Front 89

Damage to the tympanic membrane ir middle ear ossciles produce ______

Back 89

Conduction Deafness

Front 90

____ _____ is caused by congenital lack of one or more type of cones.

Back 90

Color Blindness

Front 91

A common visual impairment, particularly in older people is called ___ ____ which is degeneration of the macula lutea and its central fovea.

Back 91

Mascular degeneration