Chapter 10

Front 1

cerebell/o

Back 1

cerebellum

Front 2

cerebr/o

Back 2

cerebrum

Front 3

dur/o

Back 3

dura mater

Front 4

encephal/o

Back 4

brain

Front 5

gli/o

Back 5

glial cells

Front 6

mening/o, meningi/o

Back 6

membranes, meninges

Front 7

myel/o

Back 7

spinal cord

Front 8

neur/o

Back 8

nerve

Front 9

radicul/o

Back 9

nerve root

Front 10

thec/o

Back 10

sheath

Front 11

vag/o

Back 11

vagus nerve

Front 12

-algesia

Back 12

excessive sensitivity to pain

Front 13

-algia

Back 13

pain

Front 14

-ethesia

Back 14

feeling, nervous sensation

Front 15

-kinesia

Back 15

movement

Front 16

-lepsy

Back 16

seizure

Front 17

-lex/o

Back 17

word, phrase

Front 18

-paresis

Back 18

weakness

Front 19

-phasia

Back 19

speech

Front 20

-plegia

Back 20

paralysis

Front 21

-praxia

Back 21

action

Front 22

afferent nerve

Back 22

carries message towards the brain (sensory nerve)

Front 23

efferent nerve

Back 23

carries message away from the brain (motor nerve)

Front 24

autonomic nervous system

Back 24

nerves that control involuntary body functions

Front 25

blood brain barrier

Back 25

protective separation between the blood and brain cells. It is made up of endothelial cells and astrocytes

Front 26

sympathetic nerve

Back 26

stimulate the body in times of crisis (increases heart rate and blood pressure, dilates airways, slows digestion)

Front 27

parasympathetic nerve

Back 27

balances sympathetic stimulation (lowers heart rate and blood pressure, stimulates intestinal contraction)

Front 28

cerebrum

Back 28

part of the brain that is responsible for thinking, personality, sensations, movement, and memory

Front 29

thalamus

Back 29

part of the brain that is the relay station for sensory impulses, and controls awareness and consciousness

Front 30

hypothalamus

Back 30

part of the brain that controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, emotions, and also controls the pituitary

Front 31

cerebellum

Back 31

part of the brain that controls the coordination of voluntary movements and balance

Front 32

pons

Back 32

part of the brain that is responsible for the connection of nerve

Front 33

medulla oblongata

Back 33

part of the brain where the nerve fibers cross over; also the life center

Front 34

frontal lobe

Back 34

lobe that is responsible for thought processes, behavior, personality, and emotion

Front 35

Broca area

Back 35

part of the brain responsible for language expression

Front 36

temporal lobe

Back 36

part of the brain responsible for hearing, understanding speech, and also responsible for language

Front 37

occipital lobe

Back 37

lobe that is responsible for vision

Front 38

Wernicke area

Back 38

part of the brain responsible for language comprehension

Front 39

parietal lobe

Back 39

lobe responsible for body sensation, and visual and spacial perception

Front 40

hydrocephalus

Back 40

abnormal accumulation of CSF fluid in the brain

Front 41

ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Back 41

the shunt that is placed to remove pressure on the brain resulting from hydrocephalus

Front 42

spina bifida

Back 42

one type of of neural tube defect where there is the incomplete closure of the vertebral column during embryogenesis, resulting in the exposure of the meninges and spinal cord

Front 43

spina bifida occulta

Back 43

spina bifida where the posterior vertebrae have not fused, and you may see a mole, dimple, or hair over the area

Front 44

spina bifida cystica with miningocele

Back 44

spina bifida with an external protruding sac containing meninges and CSF

Front 45

spina bifida cystica and myelomeningocele

Back 45

spina bifida with an external protruding sac with meninges, CSF, and spinal cord, often associated with paralysis and hydrocephalus

Front 46

folic acid deficiency

Back 46

an environmental factor that is strongly associated with neural tube defects

Front 47

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

Back 47

a chronic, progressive disorder that accounts for >50% of all cases of dementia. It is the slow, progressive decline of cognitive function

Front 48

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Back 48

a degenerative disease which affects the upper and lower motor neurons

Front 49

epilepsy

Back 49

a disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures

Front 50

seizure

Back 50

an abnormal paroxysmal neuronal discharge in the brain, which may cause a transient disturbance of cerebral function

Front 51

partial seizure

Back 51

seizure limited to a part of a cerebral hemisphere (simple seizures and complex seizure)

Front 52

simple seizure

Back 52

seizure where the consciousness is presevered. Has focal motors or somatosensory symptoms, and there is paresthesias or tingling that "marches" to different parts of the body

Front 53

complex seizure

Back 53

a seizure where the consciousness is impaired and is accompanied or followed by psychic symptoms and automatisms

Front 54

generalized seizures

Back 54

includes absence, febrile (petit mal), tonoclonic (grand mal), and status epilepticus

Front 55

febrile

Back 55

diagnosis made by the following criteria

1. Duration of the seizure (brief <5 minutes)

2. Age (3 months - 5 years, most common between 6 months - 3 years)

3. Fever (>101.8)

4. Infection (non-CNS, such as otitis media, pharyngitis, and adentitis)

Front 56

tonoclonic (grand mal)

Back 56

sudden loss of consciousness that is often preceded by an aura. Typically lasts < 1 minute and is followed by a clonic phase with the jerking of the body lasting 2-3 minutes

Front 57

postictal state

Back 57

confusion, sleep

Front 58

status epilepticus

Back 58

a seizure lasing more than 30 minutes, or a series of seizures without complete recovery

Front 59

Huntington disease

Back 59

inherited autosomal dominant disease characterized by dementia and chorea that has a gradual onset and slow progress. Symptoms usually develops after 30 years of age, meaning the patient has usually already reproduced, possibly passing on the gene. No cure

Front 60

multiple sclerosis

Back 60

an inflammatory, progressive demyelination of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord, resulting in multiple neurological signs and symptoms

Front 61

myasthenia gravis

Back 61

a autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction resulting in a pure motor syndrome characterized by weakness and fatigue.

The body develops antibodies against acetylcholine and it blocks the transmissions between neural cells to muscle cells.

Front 62

palsy

Back 62

paralysis. Can be the partial or complete loss of motor function

Front 63

cerebral palsy

Back 63

damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth

Front 64

Bell's palsy

Back 64

unilateral facial paralysis that is secondary to a problem with the facial nerve. A complete recovery is possible

Front 65

Parkinson's disease/paralysis agitans

Back 65

a chronic, degenerative disease of basal ganglia, characterized by a fine, slowly spreading tremor; muscular weakness and rigidity; and a shuffling gait with postural instability

Front 66

tourette syndrome

Back 66

herditary, chronic neuromuscular disorder consisting of various motor and vocal tics

Front 67

tics

Back 67

sudden, involuntary, brief, repetitive, stereotypic motor movements

Front 68

echolalia

Back 68

repeating the last words of someone else

Front 69

palilalia

Back 69

repeating one's own words

Front 70

corprolalia

Back 70

use of obscenities

Front 71

copraxia/copropraxia

Back 71

use of obscene gestures

Front 72

shingles (herpes zoster)

Back 72

disease usually presenting as a painful, unilateral dermatomal eruption. It is the reactivation of varicella-zoster (chickenpox) virus that has been dormant in the dorsal root ganglia

Front 73

meningitis

Back 73

inflammation of the membranes of the brain or spinal cord

Front 74

HIV encephalopathy

Back 74

a neurologic complication that arises from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Front 75

gliobastoma

Back 75

most common type of brain tumor in adults and the most common cause of new onset seizure in middle age. Has a very poor prognosis with less than 1/5th of all patients surviving a year.