Chapter 10

Front 1

Binary fission

Back 1

prokaryotic cell division (into 2 halves) – genetic info exists as nucleoid

Front 2

Nucleoid

Back 2

single, circular double-stranded DNA in prokaryotes

Front 3

FtsZ Ring Protein

Back 3

bacterial cytoskeletal protein, crucial in septation of prokaryotic binary fission

Front 4

Eukaryotic genetic material

Back 4

chromosomes, between 10 and 50, humans have 46 (23 nearly identical pairs)

Front 5

Ends of chromosome

Back 5

telomeres

Front 6

Types of chromatin

Back 6

heterochromatic – not expressed (dark) and euchromatin - expressed (light)

Front 7

Centromere

Back 7

part of chromosome that links sister chromatids

Front 8

Centrosome

Back 8

one per cell, microtubule organization center

Front 9

Centriole

Back 9

present in centrosome

Front 10

Chromosome structure

Back 10

DNA and chromatin protein

Front 11

Nucleosome

Back 11

DNA coiled around histone proteins, promote, guide coiling of DNA, formed every 200 nucleotides, 8 histone proteins

Front 12

Histone proteins

Back 12

8 in every nucleosome, + charged, attracted to – charged PO4 groups in DNA

Front 13

Solenoids

Back 13

nucleosomes wrapped in higher order coils -> 30 nm diameter fiber

Front 14

Karyotype

Back 14

individual’s particular array of chromosomes

Front 15

Diploid

Back 15

cell possessing two copies of each chromosome

Front 16

Homologous chromosomes

Back 16

sister chromatids joined at centromere

Front 17

Haploid

Back 17

cell possessing single copy of each chromosome

Front 18

Kinetochores

Back 18

center of connection between replicated chromosomes

Front 19

Cohesin

Back 19

complex of proteins connecting sister chromatids, kinetochores

Front 20

Interphase

Back 20

G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

Front 21

Prophase

Back 21

nuclear membrane disintegrates, kinetochores mature, spindle forms, chromosomes condense

Front 22

Asters

Back 22

radial array of microtubules in animals, formed in prophase

Front 23

Mitotic spindle

Back 23

center of polar and kinetochore microtubulin, one at each end of cell during mitosis

Front 24

Prometaphase

Back 24

spindles attach to kinetochores, chromosomes move towards metaphase plate

Front 25

Metaphase plate

Back 25

equatorial line of cell along which chromosomes align

Front 26

Metaphase

Back 26

chromosomes are aligned along metaphase plate

Front 27

Anaphase

Back 27

centromere splits, removal of cohesion protein from chromosome, kinetochore microtubules shorten to pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of cell, polar microtubules lengthens

Front 28

Anaphase A

Back 28

kinetochore microtubules shorten to pull chromosomes apart

Front 29

Anaphase B

Back 29

poles (centrosomes) move apart

Front 30

Telophase

Back 30

nuclear envelope (& golgi & ER) reforms, nucleolus reappears, spindle disassembles, chromosomes begin to uncoil

Front 31

Cytokinesis

Back 31

cleavage of cell into two halves

Front 32

Animal cell cytokinesis

Back 32

construction belt of actin filaments

Front 33

Plant cell cytokinesis

Back 33

cell plate formed during telophase before cytokinesis

Front 34

Fungi & Protist mitosis

Back 34

occurs within nucleus

Front 35

Midbody

Back 35

cytoskeletal structure in cytokinesis formed of polar microtubules

Front 36

Contractile ring

Back 36

contracts to produce furrow and separate cells, composed of actin and myosin

Front 37

Mitosis checkpoints

Back 37

G1/S, G2/M, Spindle

Front 38

G1/S checkpoint

Back 38

start or restriction point, primary division decision point, depends on environmental factors, external signal influence, Cdk2/Cyclin E

Front 39

G2/M checkpoint

Back 39

checks that all DNA has been replicated and is error free, commitment to mitosis, Cdk 1/Cyclin B

Front 40

Spindle checkpoint

Back 40

ensures all chromosomes attached to spindle, commits to anaphase

Front 41

Cyclin dependent kinases (Cdks)

Back 41

enzymes that phosphorylate proteins, primary mech of cell cycle control, controlled by phosphorylation

Front 42

Cdk-cyclin complex

Back 42

aka mitosis-promoting factor (MPF)

Front 43

MPF

Back 43

mitosis-promoting factor, controlled by inhibitory phosphorylation of kinase component Cdc2, is inhibited if DNA is damaged

Front 44

APC

Back 44

anaphase-promoting complex, or cyclosome, crucial at spindle checkpoint, triggers anaphase

Front 45

PDGF

Back 45

platelet-derived growth factor, RTK that initiates MAP kinase cascade to stimulate cell division

Front 46

Growth factors

Back 46

trigger intracellular signaling system, can override inhibitive cellular controls

Front 47

Condensing

Back 47

protein complex involved in chromosome assembly