Chapter 11

Front 1

inability to urinate************************

Back 1

anuria

Front 2

blockage at the base of the bladder that reduces or prevents urine from passing into the urethra

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BNO (bladder neck obstruction)

Front 3

painful or difficult urination, commonly described as "burning sensation" while urinating*************************

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dysuria

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prolapsing or downward displacement of the bladder due to weakening of the supporting tissues between a womans bladder and vagina

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cystocele

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loss of large amounts of plasma protein, usually albumin, through urine due to an increased permeability of the glomerular membrane

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nephrotic syndrome

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uncontrolled urination; incontinence**************************

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enuresis

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abnormal passage from a hollow organ to the surface or from one organ to another

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fistula

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any type of kidney disease in which there is little or no remaining kidney function requiring the patient to undergo dialysis or kidney transplant for survival

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end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

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impairment of bladder control due to brain or nerve conduction

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neurogenic bladder

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sensation of the need to void immediately*************************

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urgency

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urgency aka

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UTI

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inherited disease in which sacs of fluid called cysts develop in kidneys

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polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

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disorder caused by the failure of urine to pass through the ureters to the baldder, usually due to impairment of the vlve between the ureter and baldder or obstruction in the ureter

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vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

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rapidly developing malignant neoplasm of the kidney that usually occurs in children

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Wilms tumor

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left and right kidney located outside the peritoneum

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retroperitoneal.

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the area where renal artery and renal vein pass

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hilum

Front 17

consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra; macroscopic structures

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urinary system

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the primary function is regulation of the extracellular fluids of the body (primarily plasma and tissue fluid); excretes nitrogenous wastes; secretes erythropoietin

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urinary system

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formatoin maintains normal composition, volume and pH of blood and tissue levels

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Urine

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microscopic structures include

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nephrons

Front 21

the harmful products excreted by the urinary system include what and excess what

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nitrogenous wastes; electrolytes

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vital for proper function of the heart, muscles, and nerves

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electrolytes

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This hormone acts on bone marrow to stimulate production of red blood cells when blood oxygen levels are low**************************

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erythropoieten

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distinct visible outer area in the frontal sectin

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renal cortex

Front 25

Distinct visible middle area of the frontal sectin

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renal medulla

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collects in renal pelvis then exits to ureters, travels via peristaltic waves to urinary bladder

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urine

Front 27

the urethra that discharges urine to be expelled by the urinary meatus

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base of bladder

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each has a renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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nephron

Front 29

responsible for maintaining homeostasis by continually adjusting and regulating the contents of blood plasma

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microscopic structures; nephrons

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made up of glomerulus, Bowman capsule, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, and peritubular capillaries

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renal corpuscle

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Plasma is now called what

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filtrate

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Consists of four sections; proximal convoluted tubule, distal tubule, collecting tubule, and the lop of Henle

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renal tubule

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urine is transported to renal pelvis for what

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excretion

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What are the three functions of the nephrons

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filtration (what goes into the body); reabsorption (take what we need) ; secretion (let go of the rest)

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congenital anomalies, infectious diseases, trauma, or secondary conditions involving urinary structures

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etiology

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specialty of urinary disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system

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urology, urologist

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specialty of urinary disorders related to kidney, electrolyte imbalances, renal transplantation, and dialysis

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nephrology; nephrologists

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A kidney infection is also known as

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nephritis

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nephritis aka

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pyelonephritis

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inflammation in the kidney itself; most common form of kidney disease

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pyelonephritis

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more common in women; destruction and scarring to one or both kidneys is permanent; can be acute or chronic

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pyelonephritis

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an inflammation of the glomerular membrane in the nephrons causing it to be come leaky (permeable)

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glomerulonephritis

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One of the most common causes is a reaction to the toxins given off by pathogenic bacteria, especially streptococci that have recently affected another part of the body; usally the throat

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glomerular inflammation

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acute or chronic; symptoms include edema, sodium retention, hypertension, oliguria; treatment includes treatment therapy.. etc

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glomerulonephritis

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stones aka

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calculi

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term for stones found anywhere in the body

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urolithiasis

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calculi stones that form in the kidney are known as

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nephrolithiasis

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Form when dissolved urine salts begin to solidify

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nephrolithiasis

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When urine salts solidify and it enlarges and causes obstructions particularly in the ureters in known as

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ureterolithiasis

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How to remove a kidney stone (nephrolithiasis

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wait it out, lithotripsy, ureteroscopic stone removal

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damage to the tubular portion of the nephron is known as

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acute tubular necrosis

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a decrease in blood supply in ATN is known

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ischemia ATN

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ingestion of toxic chemicals in ATN isknown as

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nephrotoxic ATN

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ischemic ATN due to circulatory collapse, severe hypotension, hemorrhage, dehydration; nephrotoxic ATN

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acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

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increased blood levels of calcium is also known as

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hypercalcemia

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Signs and symptoms include oliguria, fluid retention, mental apathy, nausea, vomiting, and hypercalcemia

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ATN

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Bladder cancer is the fourth most common in who

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men

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transitional cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are common types of what

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bladder cancers

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inflammation of the bladder is

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cystitis

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mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of toxic substances

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dialysis

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type of dialysis in which an artificial kidney machine receives waste filled blood filters the blood and returns the dialyzed (clean) blood to the patients blood stream

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hemodialysis

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type of dialysis in which toxic substances are removed from the body by using the peritoneal membrane as the filter by perfusing (flushing) the petoneal cavity with a warm sterile chemical solution

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peritoneaal

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replacement of a diseased kidney with one that is supplied by a compatible donor

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kidney transplant

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passage of a tube through the skin and into the renal pelvis to drain urine to a collecting receptacle outside they body when the ureters are unable to do so

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nephrostomy

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determines the amount of nitrogen in blood that comes from urea

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blood urea nitrogen (BUN

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fixation of a floating or mobile kidney

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nephropexy

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insertion of a mesh tube into a natural passage conduit in the body to prevent or conteract a disease induced localized flow constriction

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stent placement

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pus in urine

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pyuria

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urination at night

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nocturia

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when you need to go pee but you cant

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hesitancy

Front 71

examination of the urinary bladder for evidence of pathology, obtaining biopsies of tumors or other growths and removal of polyps using a specialized endoscope

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cystoscopy

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determines the causative organism of an infection and identifies how the organism responds to various antibiotics

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culture and sensitivity (C&S)

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urine screening test that includes physical observation chemical tests and microscopic evaluation

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urinalysis (UA)

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imaging of the urinary tract after IV injection of a contrast medium; excretory urography

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intravenous pyelography

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high frequency waves are directed at soft tissue and reflected as echoes to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure

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ultrasound

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nuclear scan of the kidneys used to determine their size, shape, and position

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renal nuclear scan

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x ray of the bladder and urethra performed before during and after voiding using a contrast medium to enhance imaging

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voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)