Chapter 10

Front 1

consists of muscles, bones, joints, and related structures

Back 1

musculoskeletal system

Front 2

composed of contractile cells, or fibers, that provide movement of an organ or body part; contribute to posture, produce body heat, and act as a protective covering for internal organs

Back 2

muscles

Front 3

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

Back 3

3 types of muscle tissue

Front 4

Motions include passage and elimination of food through the digestive system, propulsion of blood through the arteries, and contraction of the bladder to eliminate wastes.

Back 4

muscles

Front 5

voluntary muscles aka

Back 5

striated muscles

Front 6

voluntary muscles; move the eyeball, tongue, and bones

Back 6

skeletal

Front 7

muscle found only in the heart; striated; produces rhythmic involuntary contractions

Back 7

cardiac

Front 8

involuntary muscles aka

Back 8

visceral muscles

Front 9

muscles that are involuntary; found in the visceral organs, walls of arteries and resp passages, and urinary and reproductive ducts; contraction is controlled by autonomic (involuntary) nervous system.

Back 9

smooth

Front 10

These act as a covering for internal organs; provide movement for body parts or organs

Back 10

muscles

Front 11

Muscles produce what and contribute to what

Back 11

heat and posture

Front 12

How do muscles attatch to bones

Back 12

fibrous or fleshy attatchments

Front 13

these attachments arise directly from the bone; they distribute force over wide areas so they're weaker

Back 13

fleshy

Front 14

This attachment is continuous with the periosteum; can penetrate the bone itself

Back 14

fibrous

Front 15

When connective tissue fibers form a cord or strap, what is it?

Back 15

tendon

Front 16

When the fibrous attachment spans a large area of a bone, the attachment is called what

NOT THAT IMP

Back 16

aponeurosis

Front 17

This attaches one bone to another

Back 17

ligaments

Front 18

An example of a ligament would be

NOT AS IMP

Back 18

cruciate ligament of the knee

Front 19

What do bones do *************

Back 19

provide framework of the body protect internal organs, store calcium and other minerals, and produce blood cells within bone marrow

Front 20

What is producing blood cells within the bone marrow known as?************************

Back 20

hematopoiesis

Front 21

How do bones make movement possible?**************************

Back 21

they provide points of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons

Front 22

Short-cube shaped, irregular, flat, and long are all examples of what

Back 22

bone types

Front 23

This bone type consists of the toes, wrists, and ankles

Back 23

short

Front 24

Short bones consist of a core spongy bone known as

NOT THAT IMP

Back 24

cancellous bone

Front 25

This bone type consists of the skull, sternum, and shoulder blades

Back 25

flat bones

Front 26

This bone type consists of vertebrae and the bones of the middle ear

Back 26

irregular

Front 27

This bone consists of the legs arms and fingers

Back 27

long bones

Front 28

The diaphysis, epiphyses, and periosteum are the main parts of what

Back 28

the long bone

Front 29

The main long portion of the long bone is what

Back 29

diaphysis

Front 30

Consists of compact bone that forms a cylinder and surrounds the medullary cavity (marrow cavity) which contains fatty yellow marrow in adults and consists primarily of fat cells and a few scattered blood cells

Back 30

diaphysis

Front 31

dense white fibrous tissue covers remaining tissue of bone; contains blood, lymph, vessels, and nerves; provides bone repair and nutrition; attachment site

Back 31

periosteum

Front 32

What are the bone forming cells known as

Back 32

osteoblasts

Front 33

This part of the long bone is the ends of the bones, attachment site, red bone marrow

(hematopoiesis)

Back 33

epiphysis

Front 34

rarely smooth; consist of projectis, depressions, and openings that provide sites for muscle and ligament attachment

Back 34

surface of bones

Front 35

place of union between two or more bones is known as *********************

Back 35

articulation (joints)

Front 36

the three major regions of this skeletal system include the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

Back 36

axial

Front 37

This skeleton contributes to formation of body cavities and provides protection for internal organs

Back 37

axial skeleton

Front 38

Contains skull, facial bones, thorax (12 pair of ribs), and vertebral column (disks)

Back 38

axial skeleton

Front 39

The upper (pectoral girdle) and lower attachments (pelvic girdle) is what

Back 39

appendicular

Front 40

the epiphysis is known as

Back 40

spongy

Front 41

The part of the muscoskeletal system that holds the body up

Back 41

skeletal

Front 42

the part of the muscoskeletal system that makes it move

Back 42

muscles

Front 43

the part of the muscoskeletal system that protects the organ

Back 43

bone

Front 44

attaches the muscle to the bone

Back 44

tendon

Front 45

attaches bones to bones

Back 45

ligaments

Front 46

This is around the bone where things attach to the bone

Back 46

periosteum

Front 47

What kind of joints only go in one direction

Back 47

hinge

Front 48

What are examples of hinge joints

Back 48

knees and elbows

Front 49

what are examples of ball socket joints

Back 49

shoulder and hips

Front 50

An incomplete bone formation or soft spot that lies between the cranial bones

Back 50

fontanel

Front 51

Consists of fontanel, frontal bone (forehead), parietal bone, coronal suture, occipital bone, temporal bone(s), sphenoid bone, and ethmoid bone

Back 51

cranial (skull)

Front 52

Part of the skull that provides a point of attachment for several neck muscles

Back 52

mastoid process

Front 53

Consists of mandible, maxillae - palate, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, lomer, and sinuses

Back 53

facial bones

Front 54

mandible aka

Back 54

lower bone jaw

Front 55

chewing aka

Back 55

mastication

Front 56

If the maxillary bones don't fuse properly before birth what defect results

Back 56

cleft palate

Front 57

Consists of true, false, and floating ribs, costal cartridge, and sternum

Back 57

thorax

Front 58

The internal organs of the thorax include the heart and lungs, which are enclsed and protected by the rib cage which is also known as

Back 58

thoracic cage

Front 59

What are the parts of the vertebral column******************************************

Back 59

7 cervical vertebrae (axis and atlas), 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 6 sacrum (fused), the coccyx, and the intervertebral disks

Front 60

Term that refers to turning the palms down**************************

Back 60

pronation

Front 61

term that refers to turning the palms up********************************

Back 61

supination

Front 62

Vertical column is composed of 26 bones known as the*****************************

Back 62

vertebrae

Front 63

these vertebrae form the skeletal framework of the neck***********

Back 63

cervical vertebrae

Front 64

*****************************This cervical vertebrae supports the skull

Back 64

atlas

Front 65

***************************this cervical vertebrae makes possible the rotation of the skull on the neck

Back 65

axis

Front 66

****************************this vertebrai supports the chest and serves as a point of articulation for the ribs

Back 66

thoracic

Front 67

******************************8Below the lumbar vertebrae are five sacral vertebrae which are fused into a single bone in adults

Back 67

sacrum

Front 68

**************************these vertebrae are situated in the lower back and carry most of the weight of the torso

Back 68

lumbar

Front 69

***********************the tail of the vertebral column consists of four or five fragmented fused vertebrae reffered to as

Back 69

coccyx

Front 70

***************************composed of fibrocartilaginous substance with a gelatinous mass in the center (nucleus pulposus)

Back 70

intervertebral disks

Front 71

consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

Back 71

appendicular skeleton

Front 72

pectoral girdle aka

Back 72

shoulder

Front 73

consists of the clavicle (collar bone) and the scapula (triangular shoulder blade)

Back 73

pectoral girdle

Front 74

Consists of the humerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges

Back 74

upper limbs

Front 75

attaches lower limbs to the axial skeleton

Back 75

pelvic girdle

Front 76

consists of ilium, ischium, pelvis, and hip

Back 76

pelvic girdle

Front 77

Consists of the femur, patella, fibula, tibia, tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

Back 77

upper limbs

Front 78

term meaning freely movable**************************

Back 78

diarthroses

Front 79

****************************term meaning slightly movable

Back 79

amphiarthroses

Front 80

*****************term meaning totally immovable

Back 80

synarthroses

Front 81

these joints allow movement, joint capsule; membrane surrounds the joint capsule and secretes fluid; cartilage provides cushion

Back 81

synovial

Front 82

Disorders of the muscoskeletal system are more likely to be caused by what vs. wat

Back 82

injury; disease

Front 83

Branch of medicine concerned with prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders

Back 83

orthopedics

Front 84

physician who specializes in joint disease is known as

Back 84

rheumatologist

Front 85

A physician that maintains good health requiring proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves

Back 85

DO (Doctor of Osteopathy)

Front 86

fractures, infections, osteoporosis, Paget disease, and spinal curvatures are all what

Back 86

bone disorders

Front 87

*********************A closed simple fracture is

Back 87

no external wounds

Front 88

***********************an open fracture is

Back 88

an external wound (protruding)

Front 89

*************************a complicated fracture is

Back 89

internal organ involvement

Front 90

****************************a comminuted fracture is

Back 90

splintered into pieces

Front 91

***************************an impacted fracture is

Back 91

wedged into another bone

Front 92

************************an incomplete fracture is

Back 92

doesn't include the entire bone (piece missing)

Front 93

A greenstick fracture is what; most common in children***************

Back 93

bending

Front 94

***************a colles fracture is

Back 94

a wrist fracture

Front 95

*******************a hairline- minor fracture is

Back 95

still aligned

Front 96

*************************a spontaneous (pathological) fracture is

Back 96

caused by disease

Front 97

*********************A ballerina, on point, has her foot in what position?

Back 97

plantar flexion

Front 98

Do blood supply, nutrition, age play an important role in the healing process of bones?

Back 98

ys

Front 99

bone infections are also known as

Back 99

osteomyelitis

Front 100

infective process that encompasses all bone components including the bone marrow

Back 100

bone infection

Front 101

Caused by pyogenic bacteria, usually begins with a blood clot; can be acute or chronic; may result in necrosis or ankylosis

Back 101

osteomyelitis

Front 102

Paget disease is also known as what

Back 102

osteitis deforman

Front 103

chronic inflammation of the bones resulting in softening and thickening of bones, usually legs, spine, pelvis, skull; possible cause- slow virus

Back 103

paget disease

Front 104

metabolic bone disorder of the elderly; decreased bone density (osteopenia)

Back 104

osteoporosis

Front 105

protein deficiency, disuse of bones, menopause, diet lacking in calcium, and prolonged use of corticosteroids are all factors which can lead to what

Back 105

osterporosis

Front 106

an abnormal deviation of the vertebral column is what

Back 106

spinal curvature

Front 107

*****************may be congenital; caused my chronic poor posture during childhood while vertebrae is still growing or result of one leg being longer than the other

Back 107

scoliosis

Front 108

****************scoliosis aka

Back 108

c shaped curvature of the spine

Front 109

***************Treatment of scoliosis includes

Back 109

exercise, physical therapy, surgery, or back braces

Front 110

**************an abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine; hunchback; humpback

Back 110

kyphosis

Front 111

*****************What are the possible causes of kyphosis

Back 111

rheumatoid arthritis, rickets, poor posture, or chronic resp diseases

Front 112

********************Exercises, sleeping with a board, braces, and surgery are all waht

Back 112

treatments of kyphosis

Front 113

******************inward curvature of the spine; swayback

Back 113

lordosis

Front 114

******************lordosis can occur in combination with what

Back 114

scoliosis

Front 115

*****************caused by obesity

Back 115

lordosis

Front 116

inflammation of a joint usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and commonly, changes in structure

Back 116

arthritis

Front 117

systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures; results in crippling deformities

Back 117

RA (rheumatoid arthritis)

Front 118

excaberations and remmisions are common in

Back 118

RA

Front 119

painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel

Back 119

CTS (Carpal tunnel syndrome)

Front 120

dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

Back 120

crepitation

Front 121

the effusion of blood into a joint cavity

Back 121

hemarthrosis

Front 122

malignant tumor of plasma cells (cells that help the body fight infection by producing antibodies) in bone mrrow

Back 122

multiple myeloma

Front 123

***********tearing of a ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete

Back 123

sprain

Front 124

*************partial or incomplete dislocation

Back 124

subluxation

Front 125

**********************muscular trauma by violent contraction or an excessive forcible stretch

Back 125

strain

Front 126

congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; clubfoot

Back 126

talipes equinovarus

Front 127

use of electrical stimulation to diagnose the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them (motor neurons)

Back 127

electromyography (EMG)

Front 128

reduction in which fractured bones are placed in their proper position during surgery

Back 128

closed

Front 129

bone immobilization by application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of paris or similar material

Back 129

casting

Front 130

bone immobilization by application of an orthopedic device to the injured body part

Back 130

splinting

Front 131

bone immobilization by application of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture

Back 131

traction

Front 132

noninvasive procedure that uses low energy x ray absorption to measure bone mineral density and usually measures bones of spine, hip, forearm

Back 132

DEXA (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry)

Front 133

the lower part of the jaw

Back 133

mandible

Front 134

the upper part of the jaw

Back 134

maxible

Front 135

partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or a circulatory disease

Back 135

amputation

Front 136

puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid

Back 136

arthrocentesis

Front 137

visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin flexible fiberoptic scope called and arthroscope that contains a magnifying len, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor

Back 137

arthroscopy

Front 138

excision of a bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)

Back 138

bursectomy

Front 139

excision of the posterior arch of a vertebrae

Back 139

laminectomy

Front 140

excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)

Back 140

sequestrectomy

Front 141

most common form of arthritis; can result in fusion of two bone surfaces; may be development of new bone growth (bone spur); small or hard nodules may form

Back 141

osteoarthritis

Front 142

osteoarthritis aka

Back 142

degenerative joint disease (DJD)

Front 143

metabolic disorder; accumulation of uric acid crystals in blood, deposits in joints caused by pain and swelling; usually affects big toe

Back 143

gout arthritis

Front 144

renal calculi aka

Back 144

nephroliths

Front 145

genetic disease characterized by gradual atrophy and weakening of muscle tissue

Back 145

muscular dystrophy

Front 146

most common muscular dystrophy; most common in boys; can affect your cardiac muscle; no cure, lifespan of 20 years

Back 146

duchenne dystrophy

Front 147

neuromuscular disorder causes fluctuating weakness o certain skeletal muscle groups; more in women; eventually muscles cease function

Back 147

myasthenia gravis (MG)

Front 148

arise directly from bone or bone tissue

Back 148

primary bone cancer

Front 149

arise in another region of the body and spread (metastasize) to bone

Back 149

secondary bone cancer

Front 150

develop from bone; cartilage (fibro), bone (osteo), and bone marrow nerve cells (Ewing)

Back 150

sarcomas