Chapter 10

Front 1

Functions of the Nervous System

Back 1

Sensory, Integrative, Motor function.

Front 2

Sensory function

Back 2

Gathers information from inside the body and from outside environment then carries info to the CNS

Front 3

Integrative function

Back 3

Sensory info brought to CN is interpreted.

Front 4

Motor function

Back 4

Motor convey info from the cna and toward the muscles and glands of the body, they carry out the plans made by the CNS

Front 5

Difference b.w sensory, integrative, and motor

Back 5

Carries info toward the CNS, interpreted by integrative and action by the motor.

Front 6

Neuroglia

Back 6

Nerve glue. Most abundant of nerve cells, support, protect, insulate, nourish and care for neurons.

Front 7

Astrocytes and it's function

Back 7

Star shaped, are most abundant glial cells, support neurons structurally, cover the entire surface of brain and help form a protective barrier, Blood brain barrier

Front 8

Blood Brain Barrier

Back 8

Helps prevent toxic substances in the blood from entering the Nervous Tissue and spinal cord

Front 9

Ependymal

Back 9

Line inside the cavities of the brain and assist in the formation of Cerebrospinal Fluid

Front 10

Neuron And what don't they do?

Back 10

Most important of the transmission of the electrical signals, acts as a vast communication network. Do Not replicate

Front 11

3 parts of the Neuron?

Back 11

Dendrites, cell body, & axon

Front 12

Dendrites

Back 12

Treelike structures that receives signals from other neurons and then transmit the signal toward the cell body

Front 13

Cell body

Back 13

Contains the nucleus, essential for the life of the cell, receives the signal from the dendrites & "decides" what it wants to send to axon

Front 14

Axon

Back 14

Transmit signals away from the cell body, forms axon terminals

Front 15

Axon terminals

Back 15

Where chemical neurotransmitters are stored

Front 16

Myelin sheath

Back 16

CNS, PNS are encased by a layer of white fatty material

Front 17

Myelin

Back 17

Protects and insulates the axon.

Front 18

Schwann cells is in what nervous system?

Back 18

Peripheral nervous system

Front 19

Schwann cells

Back 19

Forms the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon

Front 20

Neurilemma & It's important function

Back 20

The nuclei & cytoplasm of the schwann cells low outside the myelin sheath, is important for regeneration of a servered nerve.

Front 21

Oligodendrocytes is found where?

Back 21

Central nervous system

Front 22

Oligodendrocytes

Back 22

Myelin sheath formed in the CNS

Front 23

3 types of neurons?

Back 23

Motor, sensory, interneuron

Front 24

Sensory/afferent neurons

Back 24

Carries information from the periphery toward the CNS..

Front 25

Motor/efferent neurons

Back 25

Carries info from the CNS toward the periphery

Front 26

Interneurons and plays a role in?

Back 26

Only found in CNS, forms connections b.w sensory & motor neurons.. play role in thinking, learning and memory

Front 27

CNS White Matter Vs. Gray

Back 27

White is myelinated axon, Gray is made up of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, interneuron, synapses.

Front 28

Nuclei

Back 28

Clusters of cell bodies located in the CNS

Front 29

Ganglia

Back 29

Small clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

Front 30

Nerve impulse

Back 30

Electrical signal that conveys information along a neuron

Front 31

Action potential

Back 31

Series of events that causes electrical charge inside the cell to move from the NEG resting state to its positive depoloarized + state and back to its NEG redtikng state.

Front 32

Resting membrane potential

Back 32

Electrical charge difference across the membrane of the resting neuron. More - than + the resting cell is polarized, no nerve impulse is being transmitted. Cell is quiet and resting .

Front 33

Depolarization

Back 33

The inside of the cell changes from - to +

Front 34

Repolarization

Back 34

Inside of cell becomes - again and return back to resting state.

Front 35

Synapse

Back 35

Helps information move from one neurons to the next

Front 36

Synapse cleft

Back 36

Is a space -- exists bc axon terminal of neuron A does not physically touch the dendrite of neuron B.

Front 37

Receptors

Back 37

Places on the membrane to which the neurotransmitters bind

Front 38

Most common transmitters?

Back 38

ACH ; Norepinephrine ;

Front 39

Other CNS transmitters?

Back 39

Epinephrine, serotonin, glutamate, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) & endorphins.

Hint 39

Feel good chemicals..

Front 40

ACH is terminated by?

Back 40

Acetylcholinesterase

Front 41

First event at the synapse is?

Back 41

The nerve impulse travels along neuron A to its axon terminal.

Front 42

Second event at synapse

Back 42

Nerves impulse causes vesicles to fuse with the membrane of the axon terminals. Vesicles open & release the NT into the synaptic cleft.

Front 43

3rd event at synapse

Back 43

NT diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors site. Developes a nerve impulse. NT vacates the receptor & is degraded.

Front 44

4th event at synapse

Back 44

Electrical information travels toward the cell body and axon of neuron B .. info from A is now chemically transmitted to neuron B

Front 45

The brain is divided into 4 major areas called?

Back 45

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, & cerebellum

Front 46

Cerebrum

Back 46

Largest part of the brain. . It is divided into right & left cerebral hemispheres.

Front 47

Cerebral hemispheres

Back 47

Are joined together by bands of white matter that form a large fiber tract called corpus callosum

Front 48

Corpus callosum

Back 48

Allows the right and left sides of the brain to communicate with each other.

Front 49

Each cerebral hemispheres has four major lobes

Back 49

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

Front 50

Cerebral cortex , allows us to perform whar functions?

Back 50

Thin layer of gray matter, forms the outermost portion of the cerebrum, composed mainly of cell bodies, and interneurons, allows us to perform higher mental tasks as learning, reasoning, language and memory.

Front 51

Convolutions/gyri

Back 51

The surface of the cerebrum is folded into elevations

Front 52

Sulci

Back 52

Gyri are separated by grooves.

Front 53

Fissure

Back 53

A deep sulci

Front 54

Frontal lobe

Back 54

Motor area, personality, behavior, emotional expression , intellectual functions. Memory storage

Front 55

Parietal lobe

Back 55

Somatosensory area, from skin, nails, muscles, taste, speech reading.

Front 56

Occipital

Back 56

Vision, vision related reflexes and functions reading ,judging distances, seeing in 3d

Front 57

Temporal lobe

Back 57

Hearing, auditory area, smell olfactory area , taste memory storage, part of speech area

Front 58

Broca area

Back 58

Concerted with motor speech in left hemisphere

Front 59

Parkinson's disease

Back 59

A deficiency of dopamine w/I the basal nuclei

Front 60

Diencephalon

Back 60

Second main area of the brain. Included the thalamus and hypothalamus

Front 61

Thalamus

Back 61

Relay structure and processing center for most sensory info going to the cerebrum

Front 62

Hypothalamus

Back 62

Integrating system for the autonomic nervous system. Regulation of temp, water balance , sex , thirst, appetite , and some emotions, regulates the pituitary gland and controls endocrine function.

Front 63

Brain stem

Back 63

Connects the spinal cord with higher brain structure.

Front 64

Midbrain

Back 64

Relay information (sensory & motor) , associated with visual and auditory relaxes

Front 65

Pons

Back 65

Relay info sensory and motor. Play role in respiration

Front 66

Medulla oblongata

Back 66

Vitals function. Regulation of heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure , respiratory centers, reflex center for coughing , sneezing , swallowing, and vomiting.

Front 67

Cerebellum

Back 67

Smoothes out and coordinates voluntary muscle activity, helps in the maintenance of balance and muscle tone

Front 68

Emetic center

Back 68

Vomiting

Front 69

Limbic system

Back 69

Experience of emotion and behavior (emotional brain)

Front 70

Reticular formation

Back 70

Mediates wakefulness and sleep, includes the reticular activating system

Front 71

Basal nuclei

Back 71

Smoothes out and coordinates skeletal muscle activity

Front 72

Meninges

Back 72

3 layers of c.t surround the brain and spinal cord

Front 73

Durs mater

Back 73

Outer most layer, thick, tough c.t "hard mother"

Front 74

Subdural space

Back 74

Beneath the dura mater, a small space

Front 75

Arachnoid mater

Back 75

Middle layer looks like spider web

Front 76

Pia mater

Back 76

Innermost layer means soft or gentle, mother. Thin membrane contains blood vessels and lies over brain and spinal cord.

Front 77

Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 77

Circulates within subarachnoid space and firms cushion around the brain and spinal cord