Chapter 1 Uprising Of Labor

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Freedman's Bureau

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an agency of the War Department set up in 1865 to assist freed slaves in obtaining relief, land, jobs, fair treatment, and education.

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Black Codes

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a series of rigid labor-control laws, defined the status of newly freed Americans as landless agricultural laborers with no bargaining power and restricted mobility.

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Carpetbaggers

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-northerners who traveled to the South with inexpensive suitcases made of carpet to participate in Reconstruction.

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Scalawags

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-a native white Southerner who collaborated with the occupying forces during Reconstruction, often for personal gain.

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KKK (Ku Klux Klan)

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-Founded by Confederate Veterans in 1866. Grew after Radical Reconstruction.
-Commited federal crimes, but not state crimes. Ulysses S. Grant dispatched U.S. Army in 1871 against klansmen.
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Great Uprising of 1877

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- Baltimore & Ohio (B&O) staged and strike in response to yet another wage cut from the railroads.
-President Hayes ordered federal troops into W. Virginia to protect the B&O and the nation from "insurrection".

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Railroad Safety Appliance Act

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is a United States federal law that made air brakes and automatic couplers mandatory on all trains in the United States. It was enacted on March 2, 1893 and took effect in 1900, after a 7 year grace period. The act is credited with a sharp drop in accidents on American railroads in the early twentieth century.
-Forced business men to do what Gov't wanted.
-Encouraged regulations.

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John D. Rockefeller

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was an American oil magnate and philanthropist. He was the founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the oil industry and was the first great U.S. business trust. He revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

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Andrew Carnegie

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was a Scottish-American industrialist, businessman, and entrepreneur who led the enormous expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century.
-US Steel when sold to J.P. Morgan

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Philanthropy

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altruistic concern for human welfare and advancement, usually manifested by donations of money, property, or work to needy persons, by endowment of institutions of learning and hospitals, and by generosity to other socially useful purposes.

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Crop Lien

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is a credit system that became widely used by farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1920s.
-After the American Civil War, farmers in the South had little cash. The crop-lien system was a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. Local merchants provided food and supplies all year long on credit; when the cotton crop was harvested farmers turned it over to the merchant to pay back their loan. Sometimes there was cash left over; when cotton prices were low, the crop did not cover the debt and the farmer started the next year in the red. The credit system was used by land owners, sharecroppers and tenant farmers.

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Share Cropping

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-is a system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land.

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Sioux Rebellion of 1876

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-was a series of battles and negotiations which occurred between 1876 and 1877 involving the Lakota and Northern Cheyenne, against the United States.
-Lakota leaders refused to be restricted to an reservation and defeated the U.S. let by Gen. Custer in the Battle of Little Big Horn. In response, U.S. troops defeated them and killed the leader after he surrendered.

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Indian Allotment Act (Dawes Act)

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-adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey Indian tribal land and divide the land into allotments for individual Indians. The Act was named for its sponsor, Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts. The Dawes Act was amended in 1891 and again in 1906 by the Burke Act. The stated objective of the Dawes Act was to stimulate assimilation of Indians into American society. Individual ownership of land was seen as an essential step. The act also provided that the government would purchase Indian land excess to that needed for allotment and open it up for settlement by non-Indians.

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Wounded Knee

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-Massacre of women and children by U.S. troops.
-150 men and women (kids included) killed.