Chapter 1: The Socioligical Perspective

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The use of sociology to solve problems - from the micro level of family relationshipts to the macro level of crime and polution

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Applied Sociology

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Karl Marx's term for capitalists, those who won the menas to produce wealth

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Bourgeoisie

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Marx's term for the struggle between the prletariat (workers) and the bourgeoisie (capitalist)

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Class Conflict

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Those things that "everyone knows" are true

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Common Sense

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A theoretical framework in which society is views as composed of groups competing for scarce resources

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Conflict Theory

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A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfulled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also know as functionalism and structural functionalism

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Functional Analysis

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A statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation

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Generalization

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The extensive interconnections among nations dut to the expansion of capitalism

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Globalization

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Capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system

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Globalization of Capitalism

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An examination of large scale patterns of society

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Macro-Level Analysis

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An examination of small-scale patterns of society

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Micro-Level Analysis

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The intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend,, explain, and predict events in our natural environment

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Natural Sciences

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Communication with words through gestures, space silence, and so on

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Nonverbal Interaction

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Total neutrality

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Objectivity

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Recurring characteristics or events

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Patterns

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The application of the scientific approach to the social world

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Positivism

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Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

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Proletarist

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Sociological research whose only purpose in to make discoveries about life in human group, not to make changes in those groups

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Pure or Basic Sociology

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Repeating a sudy in order to check its findings

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Replication

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The application of systematic methods to obtain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods

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Science

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The use of objective, systematic observations to test theories

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Scientific Method

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Burkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior

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Social Facts

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The degree to which people feel a part of social groups

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Social Intergration

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What people do when they are in one another's presence

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Social Interaction

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The goup memberships that people have because of their location in history and society

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Social Location

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The intellectueal and academic disiplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observation

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Social Sciences

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A term used by sociologist to refer to a group of people who share a cultrue and a territory

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Society

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Understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context

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Sociological Perspective

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The scientific study of society and human behavior

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Sociology

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The meanings that people give to their own behavior

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Subjective Meanings

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A theoretical perspective in which societh is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meanig, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another

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Symbolic Interactionism

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A general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another

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Theory

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The view that a sociologist's personal values should not influence social research

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Value Free

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Ideas about what is good or worthwhile in life; attitudes about the way the world ought to be

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Values

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A German word used by Wever that is perhaps best understood as"to have insight into someone's situation"

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Verstehen

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Addams was the founder of Hull House - a settlemtn house in the immigrant community of Chicago. She invited sociologist from the nearby University of Chicago to visit. In 1931 she was a winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.

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Jane Addams

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The reseach by these early sociologist documented a fundamental shift that was occuring in the symbolic meaning of US marriages. They found that marriage was inincreasingly dependant on mutual affection, understanding and compatibility

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Ernest Bugess and Harvey Locke

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Is often credited with being the founder of sociology because he was the first to suggest that the scientific method be applied to the study of thw social world

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Auguste Comte

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One of the founders of symbolic interactionism, a major theoretical perspective in sociology

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Charles Horton Cooley

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pointed out that conflict is likely to develop among people in close relationships because they are connected by a network of responsibilities, power and rewards.

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Lewis Coser

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Was the first African American to earn a doctorate at Harvard University. For most of his career, he taught sociology at Atlanta University. He was concerned about soical unjustice, wrote about race relations,and was one of the founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

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W.E.B Du Bois

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Was responsible for gettintg sociolgy recognized a s separate disciplen. He was interested in studying how individual hehavior is shaped by social forces And finding remedies for social ills. He stressed that sociologist should use social facts - patterns of behavior that refluct some underlying condition of society

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Emile Durkheim

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And Englishwoman who studied British and US social life, she published Society in America decades before either Durkheim or Weber were born. She is known primarily for translating Auguste Comte's ideas into English

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Harriet Martineau

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Believed that social development grew out of condlict between social classes; under capitalism, this conlict was between the bourgeoisie - those who own the means to produce wealth - and the proletariat - the mass of workers. His work is associated with the conflict pespective.

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Karl Marx

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Was one of the dounders of symbolic interactionism, a major theoretical persective in sociology

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George Herbert Mead

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Contributed the terms manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions to the functionalists perspective

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Robert Merton

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Sugessted that external indluences ( a person's experiences) become part of his or her thinking and motivations and explain social behavior. As the emphasis in sociology shifted from social reform to social theory, Mills urged sociologists to get back to their roots. He saw the emergence of the emergenceof the power elite composed of top leaders of business, politics and the militaray as an imminent threat to freedom

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C. Wright Mills

Front 48

As early as 1933, Ogburn noted that persnality was becoming more important in mate selection; this supported the symbolic interactionsts' argument that there was a fundamental shift in the symbolic meaning of US marriages

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William Ogburn

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Work dominated sociology in teh 1940s and 1950s. He developed abstract models of how the parts of society harmoniously work together

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Talcott Parsons

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Was the founder of the sociology depatment at the university of Chicago and the American Journal of Sociology

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Albion Small

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Another early sociolgist, that believed that societies evolve from barbarian to civilize forms. he was the first to ust the expression "the survival of the fittest" to reflect his belief taht social evolution depended on the survival of the most capable and intelligent and the extinction of the less capable. his views became known as social Darwinism.

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Herbert Spencer

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Along with Mead and Cooley, Thomas was important in establishing symbolic interactionism as major theoretical perspective in sociology

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William I. Thomas

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His most important contribution to siciology was his study of the relationship between the emergence of Protestatn belief system and the rise of capitalism. He believed the sociologist shoud not allow their personal values to affect teir social research; objectivity should becom the hallmark of sociology. He argued that sociologists should us Verstehen - those subjective meanings that people give to their behavior.

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Max Weber