Chapter 1: The Rise Of Europe

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Greek philosopher who helped to form political science and democracy from his unwritten teachings. (469-399 B.C.)

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Socrates

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Democracy and political science formed in the Greek states partly from the "Republic" of this person. (427-347 B.C.)

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Plato

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In the "Politics" of this person which was written in the 4th century, political science was born into the Greek states. He was a great codifier on Greek thought in many subjects. He was known as The Philosopher who had unparalled authority in regards to knowledge over the religious. (384-322 B.C)

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Aristotle

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"The Father of History", he traveled all throughout the Greek world and beyond, learning all he could about the past. (484-425 B.C)

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Herodotus

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Recorded the wars between Athens and Sparta, and presented history as a guide to enlightened citizenship and constructive statecraft. (471-401 B.C.)

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Thucydides

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Discovered all about the reality in "number" or mathematics. This helped the Greeks to lay a path for science. (?569-?475 B.C.)

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Pythagoras

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Son of Philip of Macedon, who led a march into Asia and across Persia, and all the way to India to conquer. His empire did not hold together, but it helped Greek civilization to influence people in Egypt and the Middle East. (356-323 B.C.)

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Alexander

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Born around 4 B.C. in Palestine in the Roman Empire, and was believed to be the Son of God. He, who was one of the first Christians, was a Jew who believed that all people were alike in spirit. Through him Christianity began to make converts.

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Jesus

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A man of Jewish birth, Roman citizenship, and Greek culture, who helped to spread Christianity and made many converts. He was martyred in Rome around A.D. 67.

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Paul

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Saint who wrote "City of God" in AD 420, which helped to shape the later development of Western civilization. During his time, the world of Caesar was going into ruin. He wrote his book with the event of Rome being plundered in 410 in his mind. (354-430)

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Augustine

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Languages related to what is spoken in India and Iran, and the people who spoke them became the ancestors of the classical Greeks and Romans and of the Europeans of modern times. All European languages today are this except for Basque.

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Indo-European

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Towns that were independent, there was no king to build up a government, and the popes were either absent or engaged in disputes.

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city-state

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The empire would keep peace and provided justice for its many peoples. Lawyers worked on the body of principles known afterwards as Roman Law.

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pax romana

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Lawyers first recognized these as the body of principles, there was no custom to say that one country or party was necessarily right, but that there is a "law of nature" in which the fair decision can be made. The lawyers drew on Greek philosophy for help on this part, to make sure they got the answer right. It favored the state, or public interest as seen by the government, rather than the individual person. Men were given more rights than women.

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Roman Law

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Book written by St. Augustine in A.D. 420, which he wrote while thinking about the great plunder of Rome in 410. He wrote to show that though the material world could perish there was yet another world that was more enduring and more important. There were 2 cities: earthly and heavenly, the temporal and eternal, the city of man, and the city of God.

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City of God

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A political system in which one person holds the powers of ruler and of pontiff. The spiritual power and the political power were held to be separate and independent of each other. Christians tried to escape from this while dueling in the Western World.

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Caesaropapism

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Emperor who embraced Christianity in hopes to strengthen the imperial system. He also founded a new capital at the old Greek city of Byzantium, which he remaned Constantinople, in A.D. 330

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Constantine

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Jewish prophet who died in 632, who was the main focus of th religion of Islam along with the Koran. He spent his early years as a merchant on Mecca, but began to have religious revelations. This led him to a devout monotheism. He saw himself as a prophet in Jewish and Christian relgions. The messages that came to him were written down in the Koran.

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Muhammad

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The king of Franks, who converted to Christianity around 496.

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Clovis

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He rose to be a good leader among the Franks. The pope crowned him as emperor of the West. He crossed the Pyrenees and won back the NE corner of Spain to Christian life. He overthrew barbarian kings and brought new land into his empire. Also ruler of in Northern Europe. Centuries of violence would ensue, and he used his authority to revive ancient learning and spread education.

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Charlagme

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Saint, whose rule was adopted by monastic houses, also many ministries, and were governed by an abbot.

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Benedict

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Barbarians who cut through central Europe and France in about 450 under their leader Attila, "the scourge of God". Then these attackers disappeared.

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Huns

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Were challenged by the Shiites, who questioned their legitimacy. They were fighting with them about who would lead after Muhammad and ended up killing many leaders between the 2. This group would not recognize the Umayyad family as being leaders.

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Sunni

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Minority group against the Sunnis. This groups honored Ali, who was murdered, and said all true leaders of Islam must descend from him. The groupd remained a presence in Islam, and questioned religious legitimacy of the Sunnis.

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Shiite

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This doctrine was based on Bible verses Mt. 16:18-19, and said that St. Peter imparted the spiritual authority to him by Christ to the Roman bishops who were his successors.

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Petrine Supremecy

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The pope had a temporal rule in europe, and it was said Emperor Constantine had endowed the bishop with the government of the city, and this was accepted as historical fact until the 8th century when it was determined to be forgery.

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Donation of Constantine

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A conflict on the river Loire where invading Arabs, who had come through Spain, were stopped by a Christian and Frankish army, in 732.

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Battle of Tours

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called Hungarians in Latin, these people terrified parts of Europe until they settle down on the middle Danube about the year 900.

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Magyars

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Germanic tribes, who uprooted and came from Scandinavia. They reached many places, and in the Christian world they assaulted the coasts and pushed up the rivers.

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Norse/Vikings

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The refusal of the Greek patriarchs at Constantinople to recognize the claims of primacy of the bishops in Rome, and the refusal of the Roman pontiff to acknowledge the political pretensions of the Byzantine Empire led to this. It became definite in 1054. It divived the Christian world into the Latin or Roman Catholic and the Greek Orthodox churches. The Latin West began to emerge as an independent center of its own civilization.

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Great Schism

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The farmer or peasant would divide the land up into 3 parts, in a given year one part was sown with one crop, a second part with another, and the third was left to lie alone. The parts rotated every year, to avoid soil exhaustion. This meant 2/3 of the fields were available instead of the previous 1/2 of available land.

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three-field system

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Peace and personal security were advanced in the abscence of effective public authority through this. It is a means of carrying on some kind of government on a local basis where no organized state existed. The authority after the collapse of Charlemagne's empire went to the counts. He tried to keep peace in a small town and had lords to help him.

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feudalism

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The count had control over all the lesser lords, and the count became their "lord" and they became his "vassal". They each protected each other and the vassal was assured justice and firm tenure of his land. The lord would settle disputes, and the vassals would have to pay fees to stay in the estate.

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lord/vassal

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These people were "bound to the soil" in that they could not leave the manor without the lord's permission. The lord gave them protection and administration of justice. They in turn worked his fields and gave him part of their product.

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serfdom

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League formed of mainly German towns, fought wars under its own banner, and dominated the commerce of the North Sea and the Baltic until after 1300. This was an example of how towms formed leagues or urban federations, and joined forces to repress banditry or piracy, and deal with ambitious monarchs.

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Hanse

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These were won by the town, in which each was a collective entity. The people in the towns didn't have individual rights but only those that came from being a resident of a particular town. Almong these were personal liberties; no townsman could be a serf, and fugitive serfs who lived there for more than a year were to be freed. The citizens wanted to join together to protect themselves by all sorts of regulations and controls.

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corporate liberties

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an association which was formed in a town, and controlled by a "master", who supervised the affairs of a specific trade or craft. They provided that work should be done by reliable and experienced persons, thereby protecting the people from scams. This association would protect its members, and prevent competition.

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guilds

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A famous case in England in 1215, in which a group of English lords and high churchmen, joined by representatives of the city of London, required King Jogn to confirm and guarantee their historic liberties.

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Magna Carta

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The first and highest was the clergy, the second was the landed or noble class, and the third were the burghers of the chartered towns. These 3 types of people sat separately as 3 distinct chambers.

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three estates

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In England, the Parliament developed into 2 houses; the Lords and the Commons. The Commons developed features not found on the continent, and was made of the "knights and burgesses", or gentry and townsmen together. The members were elected and had the power to commit their constituents.

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Parliament/House of Commons

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This section included both great prelates and lay magnates. This made up one half of the England parliament, which recognized power and rights.

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House of Lords

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These people made up part of the House of Commons, and added to the strength of it. The townsmen would follow the leader of the gentry and the gentry would in return respect the interests of the town.

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gentry

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One of the first popes elected from 1073-1085, aka Hildebrand, was a strong willed man. He dreamed of reformed and invigorated Europe under the universal guidance of the Roman pontiff. He thought the church should stand separate from worldly society, that it should judge and guide all human actions, and that a pope had supreme power to judge and punish kings and emperors. He said the clergy should free istelf of worldly involements, including marriage. He battled Henry IV, and excommunicated him from the church.

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Gregory VII

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His pontificate lasted from 1198-1216, he intervened in politics and was recognized as an extreme arbiter. He struggled to supress heresy which defined as doctrine that the church of large, was becoming alarmingly common among the Albigensians. He called a great church council in 1215, where many reforms were made.

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Innocent III

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Italian who became archbishop of Canterbury, wrote a treatise called "Cur Deus Homo?" or "Why Did God Become Man?" He argued that reason strongly supported the Christian faith in God.

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Anselm

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He demontrated that faith and reason could not be in conflict. By reason he meant a severly logical method, with exact definition of words and concepts. His philosophy is known as "modern realism". He taught a heirarchic view of the universe and of society, of which God was the apex.

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Thomas Aquinas

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This reform arose from spiritual sources, and it was their purpose to purify monastic life and to set a higher Christian ideal to which all clergy and laity might aspire. They refused to recognize any authority except for that of Rome.

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Cluniac reform

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"Lay investiture" meant the practice by which a layman, the emperor, conferred upon the new bishop the signs of his spiritual authority, the ring and the staff. Gregory VII prohibited this, but Henry IV supported it, so Henry was excommunicated from the Church.

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investiture struggle

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This is where Henry sought out Pope Gregory VII to do penance for being excommunicated from the Church. To go to this place in later times became a byword for submission to the will of Rome.

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Canossa

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This had an emphasis on an inner reality drew attention away from the actual details and behavior of concrete things. The philosophy laid foundations on which later Europeans thought was to be reared. It called for discipline thinking, and made the world safe for a reason.

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scholasticism

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Were originated when the informal concourses of students and teachers became organized institutions of learning. It had a corporate identity, and the school was composed of individuals both young and old who were interested in learning and endowed by law with a communal name and existence. It gave degrees, which authorized its holder to certain honors or privileges.

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universities

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In Innocent's great council, a dogma was proclaimed about transubstantiation, which held that, in the mass, the priest converts the substance of bread and wine into the substance of Christ's body and blood.

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Eucharist

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This was the idea that in the Mass, the priest converts the substance of bread and wine into the substance of Christ's body and blood. Most of the people accepted this idea with satisfaction throughout Latin Europe.

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transubstantiation