Chapter 1 Notecards

Front 1

Socrates

Back 1

p.12
(469-399 BCE)
Thought and reasoning helped with the development of political science in ancient Greece.

Front 2

Plato

Back 2

p.12
(427-347 BCE)
Writer of "Republic"
Helped put forth political science in ancient Greece.

Front 3

Aristotle

Back 3

p.12,13
(384-322 BCE) Athens
"Politics" helped put forth political science in ancient Greece; prominent thinker in many subjects; philosopher

Front 4

Herodotus

Back 4

p.12
(484-425 BCE)
"the Father of History"; journeyed across Greece and the world learning about the past; wrote down what he learned?

Front 5

Thucydides

Back 5

p.12
(471-401 BCE)
Documented the wars between Sparta and Athens; used his writings to promote a stable and structured government as well as a civilized people

Front 6

Pythagoras

Back 6

p.13
(?569-?475 BCE)
Greek mathematician; "found the enduring reality in 'number'"; Pythagorean Theorem

Front 7

Alexander the Great

Back 7

p.13
(356-323 BCE)
Son of Philip of Macedon, who conquered the Greek city-states; extended empire into Asia, across Persia, and into India, spreading Greek civilization

Front 8

Jesus

Back 8

p.15
(born c. 4 BCE)
Born in the Roman Empire in Palestine; believed to be Son of God; followers initially Jewish but became Christians through doctrine and efforts of St. Paul and others

Front 9

St. Paul

Back 9

p.15,16
(died c. AD 67)
Jewish birth, Roman citizen, Greek culture; spread Christianity to Gentiles; apostle; died as martyr in Rome under Emperor Nero

Front 10

St. Augustine

Back 10

p.17,18
(354-430)
Writer of "City of God"--one of the most influential books that contributed to development of Western civilization; work said that there was a short, physical world, and a more important, higher eternal, heavenly world ruled by God; helped West to avoid Caesaropapism; inspired by plundering of Rome by barbarians in 410

Front 11

Indo-Europeans

Back 11

p.11
2000 BCE
People that spoke languages related to ones spoken in India and Iran that came and settled into Europe; ancestors of Greeks, Romans, and modern Europeans; Latin, Greek, Germanic, Slavic, Celtic, Baltic and pretty much all European languages rooted in Indo-Europeans

Front 12

City-state

Back 12

p.12
Small, independent cities that governed themselves; few miles across; farmland and coastal city; Athens, Corinth, Sparta; many democratic, but gov. shifted with despotism, tyranny, oligarchy, and aristocracy; went to war with each other often

Front 13

pax Romana

Back 13

p.15
Period in the Roman Empire when the government kept the peace through justice system, Roman Law, and unification of the empire, as well as an efficient military that could be controlled from great distances; cities enjoyed some freedoms

Front 14

Roman Law

Back 14

p.15
Principles within the Roman justice system; there exists a universal law through which decisions are made fairly and that all people; understand because it stems from human reason and nature; lawyers used Greek philosophy; law has power when enforced by authority = emperor; favored state as a whole and had less opportunities for women

Front 15

"City of God"

Back 15

p.17
Written by St. Augustine; said two worlds existed, one temporary and earthly, which was subordinate to the eternal heavenly one ruled by God; one of the most influential books in the development of Western civilization; helped West escape Caesaropapism

Front 16

Caesaropapism

Back 16

p.17
Political system in which one person holds the powers of ruler and pontiff; existed in East, not in West

Front 17

Constantine

Back 17

p.19
(306-337)
Roman emperor who accepted Christianity and hoped to strengthen imperial system; founded Constantinople, a new capital in the Eastern part of the Empire, dividing it in two

Front 18

Muhammad

Back 18

p.20,21
(c.570-c.632)
Muslim prophet; merchant that had religious revelations which brought forth a monotheism that stressed the power of Allah and how humans were supposed to follow Him; defined revelations as new religion; revelations written down in Qur'an; Hegira (flight) from Mecca to Medina brought supporters, and Islam spread across Arabia; successive leaders initially relatives of him

Front 19

Clovis

Back 19

p.25
(466-511)
King of Franks that converted to Christianity in about 496 as church sent out missionaries to convert barbarians

Front 20

Charlemagne

Back 20

p.25,26,27
(768-814)
Powerful Frankish king that won support of the pope in return for protection; crowned emperor of the West in 800 by pope; easier to control bishops and keep peace in lands; believed a unified empire like Roman Empire would bring peace and order; conquered northeast corner of Spain, northern Italy, Bohemia, Germans; people Germans, French, Italians; revived learning and education among clergy; fostered commerce by creating coinage based on silver

Front 21

Benedict

Back 21

p.23
(480-543)
Saint who influenced the monasteries that were growing around his time; rule was that the monastic houses were governed by an abbot

Front 22

Huns

Back 22

p.19,20
Violent invaders from the far east (Mongolia??); that cut through central Europe and France in 450; leader was Attila--"scourge of God"; disappeared

Front 23

Sunni

Back 23

p.21
Majority Muslim group that supported the Umayyad caliphs which had gained power once more after Uthman was killed by the rival leader Ali

Front 24

Shiite

Back 24

p.21
Minority Muslim group that supported Ali, who had murdered Uthman and become the fourth caliph; refused accept legitimacy of Umayyad family which had power once more; sustained Ali's memory and challenged religious legitimacy of dominant Sunnis

Front 25

Petrine Supremacy

Back 25

p.25
Doctrine that St. Peter had imparted the spiritual authority given to him by Christ to his successors--the bishops of Rome; based on verses in the Bible; made for papal authority

Front 26

Donation of Constantine

Back 26

p.25
Affirmation that Constantine had given the bishop of Rome government of the city; proved to be a forgery in the fifteenth century

Front 27

Battle of Tours

Back 27

Battle fought between Muslims and Christians in 732 as Muslims set out to conquer lands in the West; stopped by Charles Martel

Front 28

Magyars

Back 28

p.27
Hungarians; invaded different parts of Europe; settled on middle of Danube about 900

Front 29

Norse/Vikings

Back 29

p.27
Germanic tribes from Scandinavia; spread out to Kiev, Russia 864; discovered Iceland 874; discovered America 1000

Front 30

Great Schism

Back 30

p.19,27,28
Roman Empire had been split into two halves w/ two capitals; led to division between East and West; Roman Catholic in West, Greek Orthodox in East; became clear in 1054

Front 31

Three-field system

Back 31

p.29
Agricultural system in which peasant villages divided fields into three parts; one part grew one crop, another a second crop, and the third lay fallow; parts rotated year to year; avoided soil exhaustion

Front 32

Feudalism

Back 32

p.29,30,31
Political system in which a wealthy lord protected the classes below him in exchange for labor and loyalty, as well as military service; reciprocal duties

Front 33

Lord/Vassal

Back 33

p.29,30
The lords were counts who had great wealth and kept control over the lesser lords in his county; most important man of a region covering a few hundred square miles; Vassals were lesser lords that had only a few hundred or thousand acres and that accepted or were forced to accept their lord's protection; served the lord in labor and military

Front 34

Serfdom

Back 34

p.31
Majority of people on the manor were serfs; "bound to the soil"; could not leave manor w/o lord's permission; worked the lords fields and gave part o their produce in exchange for protection and justice

Front 35

Hanse

Back 35

p.33
League formed mainly of German towns that fought wars under its own banner and dominated commerce of the North Sea and Baltic until after 1300; formed to repress banditry/piracy and/or deal with ambitious monarchs and nobles

Front 36

Corporate Liberties

Back 36

p.33,34
Liberties won by the towns; rights came from being a resident of a particular town; personal liberty=no serfs in towns; bound together w/ no individual rights because each town had to protect itself (built up walls); communal and economic solidarity

Front 37

Guilds

Back 37

p.34,35
Associations formed by town merchants and craftsmen whose "masters" supervised the affairs of a specific trade or craft; reliable and experienced persons; women could belong; enable people to improve social position; apprentice to journeyman (respected), maybe to master

Front 38

Magna Carta

Back 38

p.36
Royal demands for money became a source of abuse; England in 1215; English lords and high churchmen w/ London representatives made King John confirm and guarantee historic liberties

Front 39

Three Estates

Back 39

p.36,37
Great collective interests of country; "first"--highest, clergy; "second"--noble class; "third"--burghers of chartered towns

Front 40

Parliament/House of Commons

Back 40

p.37
Parliament-England's representative and legislative body--had two houses: Commons and Lords; House of Commons were lesser land owners, small nobles, representatives of towns--all together led to strong ties

Front 41

House of Lords

Back 41

p.37
One of two houses of Parliament; great prelates and lay magnates

Front 42

Gentry

Back 42

p.37
The lesser landholders and small nobles which did not represent towns; cooperated and respected the townsmen, who were lower in social class, leading to strong ties in House of Commons

Front 43

Gregory VII

Back 43

p.39,40
(pope 1073-1085)
aka Hildebrand; dreamed of reformed and reinvigorated Europe under the universal guidance of pope; pope have authority to judge all people; world centered under one spiritual authority; clergy to break away from earthly temptations; clergy institute clergy; against lay investiture used by HRE Henry IV, who was excommunicated

Front 44

Innocent III

Back 44

p.40,41
(pope 1198-1216)
Realized Gregory VII's dream of unified Christian world; intervened in politics and looked upon as supreme arbiter and feudal overlord; worked to repress heresy; called great council in 1215 to keep clergy on track, end trials by battle, use relics, define sacraments

Front 45

Anselm

Back 45

p.42
(1033-1109)
Italian that became archbishop of Canterbury; wrote "Cur Deus Homo?" or "Why Did God Become Man?"; explained why God became human to save sinful humans with reason, arguing that reason strongly supported Christian faith in God; part of emerging reflections on theology

Front 46

Abelard

Back 46

p.42
(1079-1142)
Taught at Paris; wrote "Sic et Non"--collection of inconsistent statements made by Fathers of the Church like Augustine; purpose to apply logic to the writings to see where Christian doctrine really lay, making faith consistent w/ reason and reflection

Front 47

Thomas Aquinas

Back 47

p.42,44
(1225-1274)
Scholastic; "Summa Theologica"--survey of all knowledge; demonstrated that faith and reason could not be in conflict with exact definitions of words and concepts; general greater than particular; all things subordinate to God; paved way for great European thinkers with his scholasticism, which focused on inner reality rather than actual behaviors and actions

Front 48

Cluniac Reform

Back 48

p.38
Christians who desired reform founded a monastery in Cluny, France; purpose to purify monastic life and set higher Christian ideal to which all clergy and laity might aspire; refused to recognize any authority excpet Rome, building up the prestige and idea of Rome even when things were bad; rejected greed, ignorance, ambition, corruption, etc. etc.

Front 49

Investiture Struggle

Back 49

p.40
Lay investiture was when the HRE Henry IV, a layman, appointed the bishops and gave them their symbols of authority so that he could choose who he wanted to ensure loyalty; Gregory VII felt only clergy should choose clergy, didn't support Henry IV when he refused to change, and eventually excommunicated him, though Henry did his penance; led to struggles for power between popes and emperors

Front 50

Canossa

Back 50

p.40
In Italy; where Henry IV went to to submit to the pope and do his penance after being excommunicated; "To go to Canossa" came to mean submission to pope

Front 51

Scholasticism

Back 51

p.44
Philosophy perfected by Thomas Aquinas; emphasis on inner reality; laid foundations on which European thought would grow; great exactness, careful distinctions; disciplined thinking, made world safe for reason; Aquinas's doctrine that faith could not be endangered by reason gave a freedom to thinkers to go on thinking

Front 52

Universities

Back 52

p.41
Theology, medicine, law; Oxford, Cambridge, Salerno, etc. formed; by 1500 almost hundred in existence; liberties under a charter; courses with qualified teachers; degrees made for privileges and benefits; corporate bodies capable of holding property and recipients of donations; became permanent institutions

Front 53

Eucharist

Back 53

p.41
The Mass; chief sacrament of Catholic Church; Christ's body and blood

Front 54

Transubstantiation

Back 54

p.41
Dogma that held that in the Mass, the priest converts the substance of bread and wine into the substance of Christ's body and blood