Chapter 1-How The Brain Gives Rise To The Mind

Front 1

Wilhelm Wundt

Back 1

-1832-1920
-founder of psychology as an institution
-medical doctor
-been painted as an introspectionist but he wasn't

Front 2

Most important mental function, according to wundt:

Back 2

apperception (attention)

Front 3

tachistiscope

Back 3

used by wundt, a mechanical device to reveal than hide a stimulus, still used

Front 4

Introspection

Back 4

study of internal mental phenomenon by thinking about them-seen as unscientific and inherently subjective

Front 5

Behavioralists

Back 5

-came after wundt
-used introspection as a foil
-argued that psychology should only concentrate on obserable events

Front 6

B.F. Skinner

Back 6

-preacher
-behavioralist

Front 7

The begining and end of behavioralist study is ________ and ______

Back 7

stimulus and response

Front 8

William James

Back 8

-good writer that didn't do much, but described things really well
-Father of psychology in the
U.S.

Front 9

E.B. Titchener

Back 9

-Wudnt's student
-said there was always an image associated with thought

Front 10

Oswald Kulpe

Back 10

-introspectionist, Wudnt's student
-argued one thought followed another with nothing in between

Front 11

Representation

Back 11

a physical state that conveys information, specifying an object, event, or category, or its characteristics

Front 12

Representations have two distinct facets

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Format (the means by which it conveys info)
Content (meaning conveyed by a particular rep)

Front 13

Criticisms of behavioralism

Back 13

-doesn't account for memory, language, thinking, or experience of being human
-but mainly language (only criticism behvioralist agreed with)

Front 14

Noam Chomsky

Back 14

-single handedly devestated behaviorist approaches to language
-aren't enough stimuli to account for speed of language aquisition
-must be in built language acquistion device

Front 15

Cognitive psych came about the same time as

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computers

Front 16

cognitive psych's central metaphore is

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brain is like a computer!

Front 17

the ______ was required for the cognitive revolution to take place

Back 17

computer

Front 18

Behavioralism didn't die, but __________ did

Back 18

the definition of what is observable

Front 19

due to cognitive revolution, acceptability of __________ changed

Back 19

inferences about internal processes

Front 20

levels of analysis

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the various degree of abstraction we can use to describe an object

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Information Processing

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The storage, manipulation, and transformation of information

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process

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transformation of information that obeys well defined principles to produce a specific output

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processing system

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set of processes that work together to accomplish a task, using and producing representations as appropriate

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algorithm

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step-by-step procedure that guarantees that a certain input will produce a certain output

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Identification

Back 25

ability to specifye the correct combination of representations and processes used to accomplish a task

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Converging evidence

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different types of results that imply the same conclusion

Front 27

Dissociation

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to establish that an activity or variable affects the perfomace of one task but not anotther

Front 28

Double Dissociation

Back 28

an activity or variable affects one process but not another, and a second activity or variable has the reverse properties

Front 29

Association

Back 29

Occurs when the effects of an activity or variable on one task are accompanied by effects on another

Front 30

Behavioral method

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measures directly observable behavior such as the time to respond or the accuracy of a response

Front 31

Three characteristics of modeling

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-those that are relevant to the theory
-those that are clearly not relevant to the theory
-those that are not clearly in either category (sometimes research is focused on this cat)

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Computer simulation models

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intended to mimic underlying mental representations and processes that produce specific types of human performance

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process models

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specify a sequence of processes that convert an input to an output

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nueral network models

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rely on sets of interconnected units, each of which is intended to represent a neuron or sets of neurons

Front 35

Input layer

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set of units that recieves stimulation from external environment

Front 36

Hidden layer

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middle layer, have no direct contact with the environment, connected to output layer

Front 37

correlational

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reveal a pattern of brain activity, but do not show that activation of specific brain processes actually result in the tasks being carried out

Front 38

Evaluation of correlational methods

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a) Spatial resolution-how precisely they localize brain area
b)temporal resolution-changes in brain activity over tome
c)invasiveness
d)cost

Front 39

occipital lobe

Back 39

visual input and imagery

Front 40

parietal

Back 40

spatial representation and sensation

Front 41

temporal lobe

Back 41

-recieves input from ears
-retention of visual memory
-language comprehension (Wernicke)

Front 42

Frontal`

Back 42

-sequencing of action
-speech (broca)
-fine motor control

Front 43

Cortex

Back 43

"bark", gray matter,

Front 44

Gyrus

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hill

Front 45

sulcus

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valley

Front 46

Corpus callosum

Back 46

connects two hemispheres