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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 models of terroism |
Urban – urban based, controlled by small groups, attrit government power over time, avoid rural
Rural – popular support by the local people, avoid urban areas Insurgent - work to destabilize and undermine the government through-Social & support networks;Information control… discredit current power structuresGlobal communicationsTechnological weaponsNARRATIVE IS IMPORTANT FOR SUCCESS |
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How many police officers died during 9 11 |
72: the single most deadly event for law enforcement in united states history |
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Today |
41 islamic terroist groups spread out in (24) |
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In 2004 |
there (were 21 total islamicterroist) groups spread out in (18) |
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Terroism as a business |
Terrorists are business people and have many of the same problems facing legitimate, lawful business:Staffing, employee turnover, trainingRestrained budgets, scarce resources, capital financingCompetitionPublicity, public affairs, market shareOrganization structureCorporate governance, leadershipNarco-terrorism nexus
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why terroism? |
•Terrorism Works: Historically, the tactics of terrorism haveaccomplished many of the goals denied the activist. The effects of a single terrorist attack canoften achieve what years of guerrilla operations or diplomatic posturing cannot.
•Weapons are cheap & ubiquitous •Terrorism is Easy: It is inexpensive, manageable, and within thegrasp of virtually any dissident group or individual. The technology of terror is easy to obtain.–YouTube–Internet–Blogs |
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U.S fights terroism in 5 ways |
1.Througheconomics
2.Throughdiplomacy 3.Throughcovertoperations 4.Throughmilitary intervention 5.Throughlaw enforcement action |
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Effects of terroism |
–Modificationof Social Behavior
–TourismSuffers –EconomicDisruption –InternationalRelations –ChangeGovernment Structure –GovernmentRestrictions |
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two weapons to fight war on terror |
•TheHomeland Security Act of 2002–Createdthe Department of Homeland Security
•USAPatriot Act–Increasesthe ability of law enforcement agencies to search telephone, e-mailcommunications, medical, financial, and other records |
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5 Five factors must be in place forterrorist networks to operate: |
1.Technology– a force multiplier
2.SocialSupport – Internal/External relations. Builds trust. 3.Narrative– Provides a story. 4.OrganizationalStructure 5.TacticalDoctrine |
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4 elements of terroism |
1)It isan Act of Violence.
2)Ithas a motive or a goal. 3)It isperpetrated against innocent persons.4)It isstaged to be played before an audience whose reaction of fear and terror is thedesired result. |
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The difficulty with definitions |
Terrorism is difficult to define.
It is a social construct – terrorism is defined by different people within vacillating social and political realities. The term has spawned heated debate because it is nebulous and pejorative. The term evokes a variety of politically charged responses. As aresult there are many definitions of terrorism and no single accepted understanding. |
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The difficulty with definitions |
•Terrorismis defined within social and political contexts. –Differentmeanings in different periods of time.–Differentmeanings in different contexts within the same period of time.•Primaryreason nosingle definitionof terrorism will ever be successful. |
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The influence of social constructs |
Social context influences definition of terrorism, for example:U.S. State Department Anti-Terrorism Assistance views Hezbollah as terrorist group – Jordanians’ view Hezbollah as a legitimate militia.Israel views their actions as a means of self-defense – Lebanon views the same actions as acts of terrorism.One person’s FREEDOM FIGHTER is another person’s TERRORIST
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FBI Definition |
•18U.S.C.§ 2331 defines "international terrorism" and "domesticterrorism" for purposes of Chapter 113B of the Code, entitled"Terrorism”:•*FISA defines "international terrorism" in a nearly identical way,replacing "primarily" outside the U.S. with "totally"outside the U.S. 50 U.S.C. § 1801(c).
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FBI Definition |
International terrorism" means activities with the following three characteristics:Involve violent acts or acts dangerous to human life that violate federal or state law;Appear to be intended (i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping; andOccur primarily outside the territorial jurisdiction of the U.S., or transcend national boundaries in terms of the means by which they are accomplished, the persons they appear intended to intimidate or coerce, or the locale in which their perpetrators operate or seek asylum.*
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Domestic Terroism |
•Domestic terrorism"means activities with the following three characteristics:1.Involveacts dangerousto human life thatviolatefederal or state law;2.Appearintended (i) tointimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence the policy of agovernment by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of agovernment by mass destruction, assassination. or kidnapping; and3.Occurprimarily withinthe territorial jurisdiction of the U.S.
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Federal Crime of Terroism |
18 U.S.C. § 2332b defines the term "federal crime of terrorism" as an offense that:Is calculated to influence or affect the conduct of government by intimidation or coercion, or to retaliate against government conduct; andIs a violation of one of several listed statutes, including § 930(c) (relating to killing or attempted killing during an attack on a federal facility with a dangerous weapon); and § 1114 (relating to killing or attempted killing of officers and employees of the U.S.).
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US State DeparmentTerroism |
DOS defines terrorism “to be an activity that (1) involves a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, property, or infrastructure and (2) appears to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of government by mass destruction, assassination, kidnapping, or hostage-taking.”
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US Military Definition |
DOS defines terrorism “to be an activity that (1) involves a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, property, or infrastructure and (2) appears to be intended to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; to influence the policy of government by mass destruction, assassination, kidnapping, or hostage-taking.”
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Simple Definition |
3 Parts: It is the Use of Force…Used against innocent people…For political purposes
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International Terroism |
The terrorist associated with the radical international jihad movement who carried out the 9/11 attacks were not acting on behalf of any nation that sponsors anti-Western terrorism.Several individuals of different nationalities, all Islamic extremists (Al Qaeda) came together for the purpose of carrying out a terrorist attack against the U.S.
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Foreign Terrorist Organizations |
Designated by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA).
Legal Criteria for Designation under Section 219 of the INA as amendedIt must be a foreign organization. The organization must engage in terrorist activity, as defined in section 212 (a)(3)(B) of the INA (8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)),* or terrorism, as defined in section 140(d)(2) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 (22 U.S.C. § 2656f(d)(2)),** or retain the capability and intent to engage in terrorist activity or terrorism. The organization’s terrorist activity or terrorism must threaten the security of U.S. nationals or the national security (national defense, foreign relations, or the economic interests) of the United States. |
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Legal ramifications of Foreign t orgs |
It is unlawful for a person in the US or subject to the jurisdiction of the US to provide material support or resources to a FTO (finance, lodging, training, etc.)
Reps or members of FTO are inadmissible to and removable from the US. Any US financial institution in possession of or control over funds in which a FTO or it’s agent has an interest MUST retain possession of and control over the funds and report to the Office of Foreign Assets Control (Dept of the Treasury). |
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Effects of Designation as a FTO |
1)Supportsefforts to curb terrorism financing and encourages other nations to do thesame.2)Stigmatizesand isolates FTO internationally.3)Detersdonations or contributions to and economic transactions with FTO.4)Heightenspublic awareness and knowledge of terrorists.5)Signalsto other governments our concern about the FTO.
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Nationalistic and Separatist V Religious Terroism |
•Unlikereligious terrorist they usually have clear-cut achievable goals and willnegotiate. •ThreeExamples:–Ireland'sIrish Republican Army (IRA) began in 1916.–Spain’sEuskadi Ta Askatasuna(ETA) began in the 1960s.–SriLanka’s Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam (LTTE) began 1976.
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Terrorist Goals |
–Todestroy the popular illusion of security–Replacethe legitimate (or illegitimate) governing body & replace it with their own–Demonstratethe government’s weakness; the inability to protect the public.Toreplace “Terrorist From Below” (terrorist) with “Terror from Above” (governmentoppression)
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Forms of Terrorism |
•TechnologicalTerrorism•Cyberterrorism•Narco-Terrorism•Others– Ecoterrorism,Nuclear Terrorism, Agriterrorism•Single-issueterrorists •Others?•Astechnology advances, look for parallel developments in global terrorism
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Why Terrorism Will persist |
–An increase in single-issue politics andthe number of narrow interest groups.–A decline in law enforcement intelligenceactivities–Growing mistrust in government andcorporations as negligent, incompetent, and irresponsible in protecting publichealth, safety, and economic growth.
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Why Terrorism will persist |
–Arebirth of racism and growth of membership in racist groups.–Aresurgence of religious fanaticism resulting in the proliferation of cults.–Growingcontempt for the “systems”…criminal justice, tax, land use, etc. An increase insingle-issue politics and the number of narrow interest groups.–Adecline in law enforcement intelligence activities–Growingmistrust in government and corporations as negligent, incompetent, andirresponsible in protecting public health, safety, and economic growth.
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Why Terrorism will persist |
Political Alienation: Those with no voice in their own governmentand see no way to promote change legitimately.
Grievances Blamed on Others: Their failures and injustices are blamed onrecent or historicevents. Subcultures of Conspiracy andMisinformation: Information about thework is contaminated by falsehoods and corrupted by conspiracy theories. Distortions keep grievance alive and filterout facts. Ideolo gy that Justifies Murder: Deliberate killing of innocents is glorifiedor excused for political aims. |
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Beginnings of Modern Terrorism |
•TheEnlightenment was an eighteenth-century intellectual movement•Beliefwas that governments should exist to protect individual rights and the bestform of government was democracy. •Theideology spawned revolutions in the Americancolonies and France.•Terroristneed democratic states to function. Totalitarian states make it impossible to engage in covertactivities.
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Revolution Sweeps Europe 1789-1917 |
•“Ageof Reason”•Theologylost grip•Radicalshift in power structures•Workingclasses revolted•Adventof guerrilla warfare in Europe
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The American Revolution 1775-1783 |
•April1775 colonist clashed with British troops in Lexington and Concord because ofdenial of basic rights.•In1783 Great Britain and the United States signed a peace treaty. •Transferof power from the British upper class to the American upper class.
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Key dates for the beginning of modern Terrorism |
•TheFrench Revolution 1789 – 1799•Noblesand Clergy paid no taxes.•NationalConvention elected in 1792•Committeeof Public Safety appointed in 1793–Executedthousands of nobles and clergy•Terrorismused to describe the new government•Reignof Terror 1794/95 (40,000 executions)•Resultedin a military authoritarian(Napoleon)
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Guerrillas and Spain |
•Napoleoninvaded Spain in 1807•Spanishpartisan would attack the French using hit and run tactics. •Theterm terrorist shifted from governments to partisans. In Spain, guerrillawarfare served as an asymmetrical method of resisting the French revolutionaryarmy. –Guerrillawarfare signaled an ideological transformation in the meaning of war. •Guerrillamovements helped to set the stage for terrorism.•Guerrillaattacks Moscow retreat 1812-13 contributed to Napoleon’s famous “Waterloo”
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Antidemocratic movements |
•AntidemocraticGovernments brought about the 1848 revolution.•RadicalDemocrats – Bring democracy to all classes–Socialists– Wealth equity –Communist– Socialist with a strong central government–Anarchists– Cooperative societies w/o centralized governments
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Key Radical Democrats 1848 following failed revolutions |
•Pierre Joseph Proudhon – Frenchanarchist, non-violent but believes people better without any government•Johann Most – German-Americanradical advocates revolution in a New Jersey paper “Freiheit”(freedom)•Emma Goldman –Russian-American socialist, fiery at first, goes to Russia & returnsdisillusioned with communism•Karl Marx – Founder of communism wrote 3-volumecritique of capitalism “The Communist Manifesto”•Karl Heinzen–German radical left U.S. after failed revolutions…believed “murder is ok whenjustified”. •Nikolai Morozov& MikhailBakunin - Russianrevolutionary leaders who inspired and led the People’s Will
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Communism |
•Narodnaya Voyla (the Peoples’ Will) advocated violentsocialist revolution. •Violentrevolution was espoused by Russian writers; however, no single theme dominatedthe revolutionaries until it was imposed by the state under Lenin.–Membersof the Peoples’ Will came to believe that it was necessary to terrorizeconservative organizations into submission.
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Communism |
•Germanyhelped Vladimir Lenin to power.•Leninled revolutions to set up a dictatorship and enforce communist rule in Russia.•Leninand Trotsky used terrorism as a means to controlling internal enemies. •JosephStalin succeeded Lenin and purged thousands of suspected opponents.
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Anarchists |
•Favoredstrikes, demonstrations and mass actions•In1880’s started assassinating heads of state.•Mediasensationalized these events•Allleft wing groups were labeled “anarchists” due to media oversimplification.
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National Terrorists |
•Asanarchism grew in the 1800s Europe, Nationalism grew in the west. •Anarchistsfought for an ideology, but nationalist fought for their county.•Nationalistadopted same the same tactics as anarchist.•TheIRA grew out of this movement.
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The Irish: The Protestant Reformation of the 1500s |
•KingHenry VIII created an independent Church of England followed by one in Ireland.•ElizabethI and the Plantation of Ulster•TheIrish and English-Scotts became a religious conflict. •Irishembraced Catholicism and the English-Scotts were Protestants.
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Society of United Irishmen |
•InBelfast and Dublin the Catholics and Protestants joined together to freeIreland from British rule. •TheobaldWolfe Tone wanted to end Penal Laws and he enlisted the assistance of theFrench •Actof Union•PotatoFamine (1845 – 1848)
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The Irish: Home Rule |
•Irelandwould remain part of the British monarchy.•Theywould exercise autonomy through their own legislative body and prime minister.•IrishProtestant Unionists in the north opposed Home Rule and begin tomilitarize. •TheCatholics and Protestant Republicans of the south favored Home Rule. They also started to militarize.
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The Irish: Modern Terrorism is associated with |
•The1916 Easter Rising•TheBlack and Tan War of 1919 to 1921•Theresurgence of the Irish republican Army in 1969.
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The Irish Republican Army early history |
•TheIrish have never ruled their island as a single political entity, and haveexperienced some type of foreign domination for hundreds of centuries. (Vikingsca. 800 AD)•Bythe 20th century the struggle in Ireland became amatter of the divisions between:–Unionists,people wanting to remain in the Great Britain and Ireland, and–Republicans,people wanting independence.
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IRA early history |
•TheRepublican military solution came when the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB)formed in the 1850s. –IrishRepublican Army (IRA) began with a campaign of violence sponsored by the IRB in the late 1800s. –Irishnationalism & desire for home rule resulted in IRB waging a campaign ofbombing & assassination from 1870 to 1916
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Michael Collins |
•Developeda strategy called “selective terrorism”.–Collinsreasoned that indiscriminateterror was of no value. –Randomor large-scale attacks would alienatepublic opinion.
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Selective Terrorism |
•To beeffective, terrorism had to selectively and ruthlessly target security forcesand their symbols of authority.–Collins’smen ambushed off-dutypolice and intelligence officers and murdered them.–Attackedcenters of strength…police stations–Incrowded areas, IRA terrorists would throw bombs and shoot police officers, thenblend in the crowdbefore authorities could respond.
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The Easter Ring |
•TheBritish had promised home rule to Ireland when World War I came to an end. •Easterin 1916, Patrick Pearse and James Connolly led a revolt in Dublin. •The1916 Easter Rising enjoyed local success because it surprisedeveryone. •TheBritish handed down several dozen death sentences and imprisoned hundreds morefor the Easter Rising. •Britishactions virtually empowered Sinn Fein. •Pearse andConnolly were executed along with dozens of others.–Publicsympathy shifted to the rebels.
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The Black and Tan War 1920-1921 |
•SinnFein, thepolitical party of Irish republicanism, continued its activities in spite ofthe failure of the Easter Rising. •Britishgovernment rejected Home Rule at the end of WWI.•SinnFein moved into the arena by discrediting the Parliamentary Party. –Moderationfell to the wayside as extreme republicanism increased.
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