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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the characteristics of living things?
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1. Order
2. Homeostasis 3. Response to Stimuli 4. Reproduction 5. Evolution 6. Growth and Development 7. Metabolism |
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What are the levels of organization?
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1. Molecules - made up of atoms
2. cells 3. tissues 4. organs 5. Organ system 6. Organism 6. Communities 7. Ecosystems 8. Biosphere |
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What is reproduction?
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dependent upon information contained in the DNA
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What is metabolism
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maintain the body
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What are Growth & development?
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increase in size and mass
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What are Responses to Stimuli?
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the ability to change the environmental conditions
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What is homeostasis?
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ability to maintain constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions
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Triangular ridges Where are they located
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Prominent elevations, triangular in cross-section, which extend from the tip of a cusp towards the central portion of the occlusal surface of a tooth.
On each major cusp of posterior teeth |
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What is the anatomy of a cell?
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1. Nucleus
2. Organelles 3. Cytoplasm 4. Plasma membrane |
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What is the function of the plasma membrane?
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1. Structural support
2. protective barrier - limits what goes inside 3. maintains resting potential - function to excite cells 4. Involved in cell-cell interactions and cell signaling - ions, receptors |
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What is the plasma membrane composed of?
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it is composed of
1. phospholipids (50% plasma membrane) - cholesterol & glycolipid 2. proteins (50 %) 3. Carbohydrates (4-8%) |
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What is the Nucleus composed of?
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conatins DNA
1. chromatin 2. Chromosomes 3. Nucleolus |
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What is chomatin
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non dividing cells , uncoiled DNA
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what is chromosomes?
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when DNA cells are about to divide, coiled and condensed
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what is in DNA?
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Thymine = Adenine
Cytosine = Guanine |
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what is the Nucleolus
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the site of rRNA transcription and ribosome synthesis
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What is Mitochondria
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composed of 2 membranes (inner and outer)
1. important role in cell respiration 2. Performs ATP 3. Abundant in cells which use alot of energy 4. HAS ITS OWN DNA |
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What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
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attached ribosomes and is the site of Protein synthesis
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what are ribosomes?
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made of rRNA and proteins (came from nucleolus)
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What is the nuclear envelope?
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the outer membrane is continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum
at various point nuclear pores penetrate, these pores form a bracelet shape of more than 22 proteins |
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What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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1. has no ribosomes
2. site of LIPID PRODUCTION 3. detoxification of chemicals and drugs |
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What is the golgi apparatus?
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composed of stacked, flattened membranous sacs
1. modification and packaging of proteins and lipids for transport 2. Numerous in cells which secrete lots of protein 3. Secretory vesicles |
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What are secretory vesicles?
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1. carrying proteins and lipids for release from the cell
2.fuses with plasma membrane and release contents out of cell (depends on signal to the cell 3. PATHWAYS (exoytosis or to be incorporated into plasma membrane, or lysosomes) |
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What are lysosomes?
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1. contain acid hydrolytic enzymes
2. digest foreign substances and cell debris 3. debris comes inside combines with vesicle and breaks down unwanted material (ENDOCYTOSIS) |
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What are peroxisomes
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vesicles containing enzymes to break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
- comes form the golgi apparatus |
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What are cytoskeletal elements?
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-internal skeleton in all eukaryotic cells.
-gives shape, capacity to move, ability to arrange its organelles and move them within the cell - three kinds Microtubules, Intermediate filaments (medium), Microfilaments (smallest) |
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What are microtubules?
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1. Largest
2. made of tubulin 3. maintains cell shape 4. form the mitotic spindle during cell division 5. allows organelles to move within the cell by being a "track" like use |
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What are intermediate filament?
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1. Medium
2. cell stability 3. anchor proteins to plasma membrane 4. strong, cable/rope like, around the plasma membrane |
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What are Microfilaments
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1. smallest
2. made of actin proteins 3. allows for direction of movement...the actin proteins head towards one side and allows the cell to move that direction |
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What are centrioles?
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1. composed of many microtubules
2. direct the formation of the mitotic spindle fibers during cell division 3. contribute to the structure of cilia and flagella |
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What are cilia and flagella?
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they are made of centrosomes
1. Flagellum only sperm 2. cilia for movement of substances |
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what are temporary structures in the cytoplasm?
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Pigments, proteins, food stores
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what are pigments?
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protein melanin (determine color) pigment in skin, hair, eye
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What are proteins
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MUCUS - to produce for lubrication, protections, trapping dirt particles or as a sticky adhesive substance
purpose - to always lubrication and not dry out |
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what are food stores
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lipid droplets - spherical drops of stored fat
glycosomes - dense spherical granules that store sugar in the form of glycogen (liver, skeletal muscle fibers, vaginal mucus |
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What is Passive transport?
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diffusion, ficiliated diffusion, Osmosis
DO NOT require ATP |
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what is Active Transport?
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Endocytosis, Exocytosis
Expends energy ATP! |
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What is Brownian Motion / Diffusion?
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random motion of molecules due to heat
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What is diffusion?
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defined as the movement of molecules (solute) from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (HIGH TO LOW)
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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Passive transport
carrier- mediated movement across membrane specific to one protein or molecule does not require energy |
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What is osmosis?
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movement of water across a membrane
water diffuses from areas where solute is more concentrated cell membranes are selectively permeable |
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What is active transport?
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carrier that requires energy (ATP)
transfer rate depends on # of carrier molecules and energy supply Specifically though channels |
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What is Endocytosis?
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is packaging of extracellular material for import (bring material inside of cell)
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What are the forms of Endocytosis?
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Phagocytosis Pinosytosis |
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What is receptor-mediated endocytosis?
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Ligand (material from outside of cell) and receptor (can be recycled) binds with it and triggers the plasma membrane to invaginate
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What is Phagocytosis?
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Cell eating
the cell extends a pseudopod around a solid object engulfs the object and forms a vesicle which has bacteria inside infuses with lysomes and digest or kill the cells |
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what is a Pseudopod?
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it feels what is in the environment and if it needs to engulf the material it will
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What is Pinosytosis?
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cell drinking
similar to phagocytosis expect that the material ingested is liquid and molecules that are dissolved in liquid nonspecific |
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What is Exocytosis?
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the process of material exiting the cell into the extracellular space with the protein or without it
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What are chromosomes?
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DNA and its associated proteins
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What are homologous chromosomes
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Chromosomes with the same information from the mom and dad
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What are sister chromatids?
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copies of the same chromosomes that are connected by centromeres
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What is the Cell cycle for Mitosis?
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1. Interphase
2. Prophase 3. Metaphase 4. Anaphase 5. Telophase 6. Cytokinesis |
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What is Prophase
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1. chromosomes dupicate
2. nuclear membrane dissolves 3. mitoic spindle forms |
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What is Metaphase?
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Chromosomes link up at the equator (metaphase plate)
line up in a straight line |
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What is Anaphase?
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1. the spindle fibers contract adn start spitting up the sister chromatids split
2. migrate away from each other 3. 2 chromatids = sister chromatid (duplicate) = daughter chromosome |
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What is Telophase
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1. nuclear membrane begins to appear
2. chromosome uncoils 3. mitotic spindle disappears 4. 2 daughter cells |
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What is meiosis?
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Results in 4 new cells each with 1/2 the # of chromosomes as the original cell 4 haploid.
ONLY SEX CELLS |
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What is mitosis?
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results in 2 new cells with the same # of chromosomes as the original cell 2 diploid cells
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What is cytokinesis?
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division of the cytoplasm, resulitng in two daughter cells.
the cell starts to contract with the actin filaments and the Cleavage furrow starts forming |
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STUDY DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MEIOSIS AND MITOSIS
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STUDY!
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What are two haploid cells called when they combine and end up as a zygote?
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SPERM and EGG
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What is the sperm consist of?
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Nucleus
acrosomes - for enzymes Mitochondira - for energy Flagellum - tale |
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What is Gametogenesis?
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production of gametes through the process of meiosis?
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What is spermatogenesis?
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sperm cell production
diploid testis cell ---> 4 haploid sperm cells 4 becuase of 2 meiotic divisions |
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What is Oogenesis?
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Egg cell production
1 diploid oocyte ---> 1 haploid egg + 3 haploid polar bodies |
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What is fertilization?
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The union of an egg cell and a sperm cell that produces a zygote (fertile egg) and re-establishes the diploid condition.
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