Chapter 1 And 4

Front 1

body structure

Back 1

Anatomy

Front 2

Study of how the body functions

Back 2

Physiology

Front 3

The study of disorders of body functions

Back 3

Pathophysiology

Front 4

A disorder/disruption of the normal body function

Back 4

Disease

Front 5

Procedures used to identify the cause and nature of a person’s illness

Back 5

Diagnosis

Front 6

Complex chemicals that contain the elements of carbon and hydrogen

Back 6

Organic Chemicals

Front 7

Simple molecules made of one or two elements other than carbon and hydrogen

Back 7

Inorganic Chemicals

Front 8

List the 5 levels of organization that make up the human body

Back 8

Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System

Front 9

The smallest living unit of structure and function

Back 9

Cells

Front 10

A group of cells with similar structure

Back 10

Tissues

Front 11

The 4 types of tissue found in the human body

Back 11

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve

Front 12

This tissue lines body surfaces. It makes up the skin and sweat glands

Back 12

Epithelial

Front 13

This tissue connects and supports parts of the body; some even transport and store materials

Back 13

Connective

Front 14

This tissue is specialized for contraction and promotes movement

Back 14

Muscle

Front 15

This tissue is specialized to generate and transmit electrochemical impulses that regulate body functions

Back 15

Nerve

Front 16

A group of tissues precisely arranged so as to accomplish specific functions

Back 16

Organs

Front 17

A group of organs that all contribute to a particular function

Back 17

Organ Systems

Front 18

What are the 11 Organ Systems in the body?

Back 18

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Circulatory, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive

Front 19

This system is a barrier to pathogens and chemicals. It prevents excess water loss and is composed of skin and subcutaneous tissue

Back 19

Integumentary

Front 20

This system supports the body, protects internal organs, and provides framework to be moved by muscles. It is made up of bones and ligaments.

Back 20

Skeletal

Front 21

This system Moves the skeleton and produces heat. It is made up of muscles and tendons.

Back 21

Muscular

Front 22

This system interprets sensory information, regulates body functions like movement by means of electrochemical impulses. It is composed of organs such as the brain, spinal cord, nerves, eyes, and ears.

Back 22

Nervous

Front 23

This system regulates body functions such as growth and reproduction be means of hormones. It regulates day to day metabolism by means of hormones and is composed of organs such as the thyroid gland, pituitary gland, ovaries or testes, and pancreas.

Back 23

Endocrine

Front 24

This system transports oxygen and nutrients to tissues and removes waste products. It is made up of organs such as the heart, blood, arteries, and veins.

Back 24

Circulatory

Front 25

This system returns tissue fluid to the blood, destroys pathogens that enter the body, and provides immunity. It’s made up of organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus glands.

Back 25

Lymphatic

Front 26

This system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood. It is composed of organs such as the lungs, trachea, larynx, and diaphragm.

Back 26

Respiratory

Front 27

This system changes food into simple chemicals that can be absorbed and used in the body. This organ system includes the stomach, colon, liver, and pancreas.

Back 27

Digestive

Front 28

This system removes waste products from the blood and regulates volume/pH of blood and tissue fluid. This organ system includes the kidneys, urinary bladder, and urethra.

Back 28

Urinary

Front 29

This system is composed of specific organs based on one’s gender. In females, it includes the ovaries and uterus; in males, the testes and prostate gland.

Back 29

Reproduction

Front 30

Comes from a Greek word meaning change and represents all chemical reactions and physical processes that take place within the body.

Back 30

Metabolism

Front 31

The speed at which the body produces energy and heat. Also used to refer to the energy production per unit of time.

Back 31

Metabolic Rate.

Front 32

This reflects the body’s ability to maintain a relatively stable metabolism.

Back 32

Homeostasis

Front 33

A scenario in which a body’s response reverses stimuli to keep some aspects of the body metabolism within its normal range (i.e. rising body temperature increases sweat to cool down the body)

Back 33

Negative Feedback Mechanism

Front 34

When the body’s response promotes the continuation of a stimuli and requires an external “brake” to interrupt it (i.e. blood clotting)

Back 34

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Front 35

Antebrachial

Back 35

forearm

Front 36

Antecubital

Back 36

front of elbow

Front 37

Axillary

Back 37

Armpit

Front 38

Brachial

Back 38

Upper Arm

Front 39

Buccal

Back 39

Mouth

Front 40

Cardiac

Back 40

Heart

Front 41

Cervical

Back 41

Neck

Front 42

Cranial

Back 42

Head

Front 43

Cutaneous

Back 43

Skin

Front 44

Deltoids

Back 44

Shoulder

Front 45

Femoral

Back 45

Thigh

Front 46

Frontal

Back 46

Forearm

Front 47

Gastric

Back 47

Stomach

Front 48

Gluteal

Back 48

Buttocks

Front 49

Hepatic

Back 49

Liver

Front 50

Iliac

Back 50

Hip

Front 51

Inguinal

Back 51

Groin

Front 52

Lumbar

Back 52

Small of Back

Front 53

Mammary

Back 53

breast

Front 54

Nasal

Back 54

Nose

Front 55

Occipital

Back 55

Back of Head

Front 56

Orbital

Back 56

Eye

Front 57

Parietal

Back 57

Crown of Had

Front 58

Patellar

Back 58

Kneecap

Front 59

Pectoral

Back 59

Chest

Front 60

Pedal

Back 60

Foot

Front 61

Perineal

Back 61

Pelvic Floor

Front 62

Plantar

Back 62

Sole of Foot

Front 63

Popliteal

Back 63

Back of Knee

Front 64

Pulmonary

Back 64

Lungs

Front 65

Renal

Back 65

Kidney

Front 66

Sacral

Back 66

Base of Spine

Front 67

Scapular

Back 67

Shoulder Blade

Front 68

Sternal

Back 68

Breastbone

Front 69

Temporal

Back 69

Side of Head

Front 70

Umbilical

Back 70

Navel

Front 71

Volar (Palmar)

Back 71

Palm

Front 72

The _________ position is always assumed when describing locations of the body

Back 72

Anatomic

Front 73

The two major cavities of the body. The ________ cavity is posterior while the ________cavity is to be anterior.

Back 73

Dorsal, Ventral

Front 74

This posterior cavity contains the central nervous system and consists of the cranial cavity and the vertebral or spinal cavity.

Back 74

Dorsal

Front 75

The Dorsal cavity is continuous. This means what?

Back 75

It is continuous and has no walls or boundary to separate its subdivisions.

Front 76

The __________ cavity is formed by the skull and contains the brain.

Back 76

Cranial

Front 77

The ____________ cavity is formed by the backbone and contains the spinal cord.

Back 77

Spinal

Front 78

What are the membranes that line the Cranial and Spinal Cavities in addition to covering the brain and spinal cord?

Back 78

Meninges

Front 79

above, or higher

Back 79

Superior

Front 80

below, or lower

Back 80

Inferior

Front 81

towards the front

Back 81

Anterior

Front 82

towards the back

Back 82

Posterior

Front 83

towards the front

Back 83

Ventral

Front 84

towards the back

Back 84

Dorsal

Front 85

towards the midline

Back 85

Medial

Front 86

away from the midline

Back 86

Lateral

Front 87

within, or interior to

Back 87

Internal

Front 88

outside, or exterior to

Back 88

External

Front 89

towards the surface

Back 89

Superficial

Front 90

within, or interior to

Back 90

Deep

Front 91

the main part

Back 91

Central

Front 92

extending from the main part

Back 92

Peripheral

Front 93

closer to the origin

Back 93

Proximal

Front 94

farther from the origin

Back 94

Distal

Front 95

pertaining to the wall of a cavity

Back 95

Parietal

Front 96

pertaining to the organs within a cavity

Back 96

Visceral

Front 97

This main cavity consists of two main compartments: the thoracic and abdominal, separated by the diaphragm.

Back 97

Ventral

Front 98

This cavity can either be considered a subdivision of the abdominal cavity or a separate cavity altogether.

Back 98

Pelvic

Front 99

Organs in this cavity include the heart and lungs.

Back 99

Thoracic

Front 100

The serous membranes of the thoracic cavity are called _______________.

Back 100

Pleural Membranes

Front 101

The serous membranes covering the heart are known as ______________.

Back 101

Pericardial Membranes

Front 102

Organs in this cavity include the liver, stomach, and intestines.

Back 102

Abdominal.

Front 103

This serous membrane lines the entire wall of the abdominal cavity.

Back 103

Peritoneum

Front 104

This serous membrane is the continuation of the peritoneum and covers the outer surface of the abdominal organs.

Back 104

Mesentery

Front 105

This cavity is inferior to the abdominal cavity and houses the reproductive organs.

Back 105

Pelvic Cavity

Front 106

A vertical plane running front to back that separates the body into EQUAL right and left portions.

Back 106

Midsagittal

Front 107

A plane along the long axis of an organ

Back 107

Longitudinal

Front 108

A plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ

Back 108

Cross-Section

Front 109

A ___________ plane and a _______________ plane cross at the umbilicus and divide the abdomen into four quadrants. This is the division most frequently used by health professionals.

Back 109

Transverse, Midsagittal

Front 110

What are the four quadrants of the abdomen created by a transverse and sagittal plane intersecting at the umbilicus?

Back 110

Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower

Front 111

Two transverse planes and two sagittal planes divide the abdomen into nine areas. Name these nine areas

Back 111

Right Hypochondriac Region, Epigastric Region, Left Hypochondriac Region, Right Lumbar Region, Umbilical Region, Left Lumbar Region, Right Iliac Region, Hypogastric Region, and Left Iliac Region.

Front 112

Sheets of connective tissue covering surfaces, or acting as a boundary or separation

Back 112

Membranes

Front 113

This membrane lines closed body cavities such as pleural membrane covering lungs, pericardial heart muscle, and mesentery covering abdominal organs

Back 113

Serous

Front 114

This membrane lines areas open to the environment such as the respiratory system

Back 114

Mucous

Front 115

Cover brain and spinal cord, contain cerebrospinal fluid

Back 115

Meninges

Front 116

Covers bone

Back 116

Periosteum

Front 117

Covers cartilage

Back 117

Perichondrium

Front 118

Lines joint cavities, secretes synovial fluid for lubrication

Back 118

Synovial

Front 119

Between skin and muscle includes adipose tissue

Back 119

Superficial fascia

Front 120

Covers skeletal muscle

Back 120

Deep fascia

Front 121

Divides the body into front and back

Back 121

Frontal (Coronal) Section

Front 122

Vertical plane or line dividing the body into right and left parts (not necessarily equal)

Back 122

Sagittal

Front 123

Divides the body into equal right and left

Back 123

Midsagittal or Median

Front 124

A horizontal plane separating the body into upper and lower portions

Back 124

Transverse or Horizontal

Front 125

The ___________ Nervous System includes the Brain and Spinal Cord

Back 125

Central

Front 126

The ___________ Nervous System consists of nerves (cranial, spinal, and autonomic)

Back 126

Peripheral

Front 127

Which muscle type is classified as voluntary?

Back 127

Skeletal

Front 128

Which muscle type is involuntary?

Back 128

Smooth

Front 129

A group of cells with similar structure and function

Back 129

tissue

Front 130

The four major groups of tissue

Back 130

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve

Front 131

True or False: An organ is composed of only 1 tissue type

Back 131

FALSE: an organ may (and many do) contain tissues from all four groups

Front 132

This type of tissue contains no capillaries; therefore, it relies on blood for oxygen and nutrients

Back 132

Epithelial

Front 133

Epithelial tissue capable of secretion

Back 133

Glands or Glandular Epithelium

Front 134

Classification of epithelial tissue is based on the type of cell of which the tissue is made its characteristic shape, and the number of layers of the cells. The three distinctive cell shapes are:

Back 134

Squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

Front 135

The term for a single layer of cells

Back 135

Simple

Front 136

The term for many layers of cells

Back 136

Stratified

Front 137

A type of epithelial tissue composed of a single layer of flat cells that is very thin and very smooth. It makes up the aveoli of the lungs, capillaries, and is a key element of the diffusion of gases.

Back 137

Simple Squamous

Front 138

A type of epithelial tissue characterized by many layers of flat cells. It makes up the epidermis of the skin where it is keratinized, the oral cavity where it is non-keratinized, and the mucous membranes of the vagina

Back 138

Stratified Squamous

Front 139

A type of stratified epithelium in which the surface cells change shape from round to squamous. It lines the bladder and allows it to stretch as it fills without tearing

Back 139

Transitional

Front 140

Type of epithelial tissue composed of one layer of cube-shaped cells (Thyroid gland, Salivary gland, Kidney Tubules)

Back 140

Cuboidal

Front 141

Type of epithelial tissue composed of one layer of column-shaped cells (Lining of stomach, lining of small intestines)

Back 141

Columnar

Front 142

Type of epithelial tissue composed of one layer of columnar-cells with cilia on their free surface (Lining of Trachea, Lining of Fallopian Tube)

Back 142

Ciliated

Front 143

Cells or organs that are multicellular or unicellular and are responsible for some form of secretion

Back 143

Glands

Front 144

This kind of gland is characterized by the inclusion of ducts responsible for carrying secretion away from the gland and to the site of function (example: Salivary, Gastric, and Sweat glands)

Back 144

Exocrine Glands

Front 145

These glands are ductless and are responsible for the secretion of hormones carried by capillaries to the rest of the body (Examples: Pituitary and Thyroid Gland)

Back 145

Endocrine Glands

Front 146

This organ is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland

Back 146

The Pancreas

Front 147

The _________ is a structural network or solution of non-living intercellular material and is specific to the connective tissue it is associated with

Back 147

Matrix

Front 148

Name the connective tissue: Plasma matrix (Location: Blood Vessels)

Back 148

Blood

Front 149

Name the connective tissue: Fibroblasts and a matrix of tissue fluid, collagen, and elastin fibers (Location: Subcutaneous, Mucous Membranes)

Back 149

Areolar

Front 150

Name the connective tissue: Adipocytes that store fat (little matrix) (Location: Around the Eyes and Kidneys, Brown Fat in Infants)

Back 150

Adipose

Front 151

Name the connective tissue: Mostly collagen fibers (matrix) and few fibroblasts (Location: Tendons and Ligaments (regular); Dermis (irregular))

Back 151

Fibrous

Front 152

Name the connective tissue: Mostly elastin fibers (matrix) with few fibroblasts (Location: Walls of large arteries)

Back 152

Elastic

Front 153

Name the connective tissue: Osteocytes in a matrix of calcium salts and collagen (Location: Bones)

Back 153

Bone

Front 154

Name the connective tissue: Chondrocytes in a flexible protein matrix (Location: Walls of Trachea, on joint surfaces of bones, tip of nose and outer ear)

Back 154

Cartilage

Front 155

52% to 62% of the total blood volume in the body is composed of this

Back 155

Plasma

Front 156

What is another name for blood-forming tissue responsible for producing red blood cells from stem cells?

Back 156

Hemopoietic Tissue

Front 157

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes are the 5 types of what?

Back 157

White Blood Cells

Front 158

These WBCs mature and divide in Lymphatic Tissue

Back 158

Lymphocytes

Front 159

_______________ make up 38%-48% of the total blood volume in the body

Back 159

Blood Cells

Front 160

These blood cells carry oxygen that is bonded to iron in their hemoglobin

Back 160

RBC

Front 161

These blood cells destroy pathogens byway of phagocytosis, the production of antibodies, other chemical methods, and provide us with immunity to some diseases

Back 161

WBC

Front 162

These cells prevent blood loss and are an integral part of the blood clotting process

Back 162

Platelets