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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mayas
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Who: One of the most densely populated and culturally dynamic societies in the world.
When: 2000 BC to 250 AD Significance: Fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its art, architecture, and mathematical and astronomical systems. |
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Incas
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Who: The Incas were a distinct people with a distinct language living in a highland center, Cuzco. They were an ancient people, but had been subject to the regional powers during the entire history of South American urban cultures.
When: began- 13th century; ended- 16th century Significance: Largest empire in pre-Columbian America |
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Aztecs
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Who: People were certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who dominated large parts of Mesoamerica. Referred to themselves as Mexica.
When: 14th - 16th centuries Significance: The creation of Tenochtitlan and was kept intact with most of the Mesoamerican cultures. |
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Chaco Canyon
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What: the Anasazi built dramatic adobe dwellings, or pueblos. Chaco Canyon was the center of Anasazi civilization, its many large pueblos probably serving as administrative and ceremonial centers for a widespread population.
When: 900-1150 Significance: Major center of culture for the Ancient Pueblo Peoples. |
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Mobile Societies (Native Americans)
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What: Agricultural societies that use slash-and-burn technique.
When: 12th - 14th centuries. Significance: The usage of exhausted land and settlement for agricultural farming and discover new land. |
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Agriculture (Natives)
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What: An agricultural revolution
When: 12th - 14th centuries. Significance: significant population growth, introduction to more resources, and more strong beliefs in their goals of nature. |
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Leif Erikson
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Who: A Norse explorer who is regarded as the first European to land in North America.
When: Early 11th century Significance: Established a Norse settlement at Vinland, which has been tentatively identified with the L'Anse aux Meadows Norse site on the northern tip of the island of Newfoundland in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. |
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Who: Prince of the Kingdom of Portugal and an important figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire
When: 15th century Significance: Responsible for the beginning of the European worldwide explorations and maritime trade. |
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Christopher Columbus
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Who: A navigator, colonizer, and explorer from Genoa, Italy
When: 15th century Significance: Voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in the Western Hemisphere. He initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World". |
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California 1760's
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What: 1st settled by the spanish as one of their colonies.
they soon lost it to the americans as they where expanding. When: 1760s significance: gold was found in the colonies and started the gold rush |
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Who: A Portuguese explorer. He was born in Portugal, but later obtained Spanish nationality in order to serve King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands
When: Early 16th century Significance: Magellan's expedition became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean, and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth |
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The Conquistadores
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Who: Spanish soldiers, explorers, and adventurers who brought much of the Americas under the control of Spain.
When: 15th through 19h century Significance: Extended Spanish rule over much of South America. |
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Black Codes
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What: Laws passed on the state and local level in the United States, but mostly in the south, to limit the basic human rights and civil liberties of African Americans.
When: 1660s Significance: Examples: Slaves couldn't be literate or bear weaponry. Forced to convert to Christianity. No political rights. |
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Hernán Cortés
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Who: Cortés was part of the generation of Spanish colonizers that began the first phase of the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
When: Early 16th century Significance: Led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the King of Castile. |
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Cavaliers 1642-1647
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Who: name used by Parliamentarians for a Royalist supporter of King Charles I during the English Civil War.
When: 1642-1647 Significance: supporters of the king at the time |
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Francisco Pizarro
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Who: A Spanish conquistador. He accompanied Vasco Núñez de Balboa in his crossing of the Isthmus of Panama and they became the first Europeans to view the Pacific coast of the New World.
When: 16th century Significance: Conquered the Incan Empire and founder of Lima, the modern-day capital of Peru. |
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James Oglethorpe
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Who: Was a British general, a philanthropist, and was the founder of the colony of Georgia.
When: 18th century Significance: Suggested that British debtors should be released from prison and sent to Georgia to stop the contesting of territory between two other colonies |
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Powhatans
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Who: The name of a Virginia Indian tribe. It is also the name of a powerful group of tribes which they dominated.
When: early 16th century - late 17th century Significance: made some devestating attacks of the colonists but the failures ceased challenges of the colonists |
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Ordinance of Discovery (Aztecs)
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What: New spainsh laws banish the most brutal military conquests.
When: 1570s Significance: Made the Spanish more wealthier with the abundance of gold and silver. Presence more known in America with colonization |
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Catholic Missions (Natives)
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What: The plan to convert the natives to Catholicism
When: 16th century Significance: An attempt to fully enforce Catholicism all over the New World. |
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St. Augustine 1565
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What: The first european settlement in the present-day United States
When: 16th century Significance: the headquarters for failed campaigns of converting to natives and a military outpost |
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Encomiendas
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What: System of tributary labor established in Spanish America. Developed as a means of securing an adequate and cheap labor supply.
When: late 15th century through mid-16th century Significance: It gave the conquistador control over the native populations by requiring them to pay tribute from their lands, which were "granted" to deserving subjects of the Spanish crown. The natives often rendered personal services as well. In return the grantee was theoretically obligated to protect his wards, to instruct them in the Christian faith, and to defend their right to use the land for their own subsistence. |
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Pueblo Revolt 1680
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What: an uprising of Pueblos fighting for what they believe in
When: LATE 16th century Significance: Led to a replaced encomiendia system to a less harsh one, allies of spainsh and pueblo, and population decline of pueblo population. |
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Mestizo
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Who: People of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry.
Contents When: 16th century - 17th century Significance: Bicultural and bilingual, making them natural ambassadors between the two groups. |
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John Cabot
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Who: An Italian navigator and explorer
When: late 15th century Significance: Commonly held to be the first European voyage to North America since Norse exploration of the Americas in the early eleventh century. |
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Woodland Indians
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Who: These were culturally and technically advanced tribes who began permanently inhabiting villages. They were hunters, trappers, fishermen, and planters.
When: around 1000 B.C. to 1000 C.E. Significance: They helped form the first peaceful nation among the Native American peoples. Woodland Indians are noted for the cultivation of crops in the fertile valleys of North Georgia, had the greatest food resources than in any region. |
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Richard Hakluyt
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Who: an English writer. Principally remembered for his efforts in promoting and supporting the settlement of North America by the English through his works.
When: 16th century - early 17th century Significance: He was the chief promoter of a petition to James I for letters patent to colonize Virginia, which were granted to the London Company and Plymouth Company (referred to collectively as the Virginia Company) in 1606. |
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Doctrine of Predestination
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What: Deals with the question of the control God exercises over the world.
When: 16th century Significance: refers to the belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive eternal damnation for all their sins, even their original sin. |
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James I
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Who: King of Scots as James VI, and King of England and Ireland as James I. He succeeded the last Tudor monarch of England and Ireland.
When: 17th century Significance: Authorized King James Version, an English translation of the Christian Holy Bible |
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Halfway Covenant
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What: Was a form of partial church membership created by New England.
When: 1662 Significance: promoted by reverend solomon stoddard, who felt that the pople of the english colonies where drifting away from their original religions of those from the begining |
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The English Reformation
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What: The Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.
When: 16th century Significance: a religious and political movement which affected the practice of Christianity across most of Europe during this period. The decline of feudalism and the rise of nationalism, the rise of the common law, the invention of the printing press and increased circulation of the Bible. |
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The Glorious Revolution
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What: A revolution started by Jacob Leisler to challenge the colonial elite
When: 1689- 1715 Significance: The end of the revolution |
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John Calvin
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Who: An influential French theologian and pastor during the Protestant Reformation.
When: 16th century Significance: He was a principal figure in the development of the system of Christian theology later called Calvinism. |
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Puritan Seperatists
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Who: Puritans that took radical positions and determined to worship in their own independent congregations.
When: Late 16th century Significance: showed the religious freedom the Puritans craved and more rights for women |
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Elizabeth I
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Who: Was Queen regnant of England and Queen regnant of Ireland. Elizabeth was the fifth and last monarch of the Tudor dynasty.
When: 16th century Significance:support the establishment of an English Protestant church. This Elizabethan Religious Settlement held firm throughout her reign and later evolved into today's Church of England. |
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Coureurs de Bois
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What: Was an individual who engaged in the fur trade without permission from the French authorities.
When: late 17th century and early 18th century Significance: Brought in so many furs that the market was oversupplied. |
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New Amsterdam
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What: Principal town of New Netherlands
When: 17th century Significance: brought diverse immigrants to the Americas |
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Lord De La Warr
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Who: Was the Englishman after whom the bay, the river, and, consequently, an American Indian people and U.S. state, all later called "Delaware", were named.
When: early 17th century Significance: |
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Middle Colonies
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What: The colonies between Europe and native tribes
When: 16th century Significance: created a beneficial relationships with its natives leading to peace and provided grain north and south |
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West India Company
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What: A company made by the dutch
When: early 17th century Significance: established a series of permanent trading posts on the Hudson and Connecticut River, transported whole families to the New World, and creation of New Netherlands |
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Saybrook Platform
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What: Refers to conservative religious proposals adopted at Saybrook, Connecticut in September 1708.
When: 1708 Significance: The document attempted to stem the tide of disunity among the established Congregational churches and restore discipline among both the clergy and their congregations. The platform provided for "associations" of pastors and elders and "consociations" of churches, each with broad powers to rule in disputes between churches, to proceed against erring churches and pastors, and to license the latter. |
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Sir Walter Raleigh
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Who: An English aristocrat, writer, poet, soldier, courtier, spy and explorer who is also largely known for popularising tobacco in England.
When: 16th - 17th century Significance: Roanoke. Virginia. Sailed to find the "City of Gold," publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a book that contributed to the legend of "El Dorado". |
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Roanoke
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What: An enterprise financed and organized by Sir Walter Raleigh. It was carried out by Ralph Lane and Richard Grenville (Raleigh's cousin) in the late 16th century to establish a permanent English settlement in the Virginia Colony. They are known as "The Lost Colony" and their fate is still unknown.
When: 16th century Significance: The first English settlement in North America.The settlement was abandoned, and the mystery never solved as to where the people went, etc. |
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Virginia Company
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What: A company that runned the colonies
When: 16th century Significance: the start of the headright system and funding the Virginia colony. |
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Tobacco
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What: Demand for tobacco was enormous in 1612 and it quickly spread. major cash crops from the colonies.
rise of tobacco plantations When: 17th century Significance: economic rising. because growing tobacco killed the soil the demand for land also increased as the demand of tobacco did. |
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Proprietary Rule
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What: grants of land or license to rule
When: 17th century Significance: used by the crown to repay a debt and proprietaries run the province their way. |
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Toleration Act
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What: A policy of religious toleration
When: 1648 Significance: it assured the freedom of worship to all Christians but didn't stop the conflicts between the Protestants and Catholic |
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Plymouth Plantation
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What: Founded by a group of separatists and anglicans, who together later came to be known as the Pilgrim Fathers, Plymouth Colony was, along with Jamestown, Virginia, one of the earliest successful colonies to be founded by the English in North America and the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region.
When: 1620-1691 Significance: A haven for people escaping religious persecution and searching for a place to worship as they saw fit. |
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William Bradford
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Who: Was an English leader of the settlers of the Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts
When: 17th century Significance: Credited as the first to proclaim what popular American culture now views as the first Thanksgiving. |
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Mayflower Compact
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What: A document made since they didn't have the legal basis to settle there in Plymouth
When: early 17th century Significance: it established a civil government for the settlers and proclaimed their allegiance to the king |
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Colonial Currency
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What: A seal created by the Massachusetts Bay Company to validate the paper for financial transaction.
When: 1690 Significance: It helped for easier financial transactions and covered for sliver when sliver shortages were occuring |
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Theocratic Society
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What: the government supported the church while the church dictates the government.
When: 17th century Significance: it helped dissidents leave the society, making religion stronger, and deeply reflected the Puritans beliefs in religion |
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English Civil War
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What: The conflict between the Cavaliers(king's side) and the Roundheads(Parliament's side)
When:1630s Significance: the beheading of King Charles the first and new proprietary colonies(Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania) |
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Charter of Liberties
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Who: A charter signed forcefully by William Penn
When: late 17th- early 18th century Significance: it established a representative assembly for quaker colonies |
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The Narragansetts
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Who: Natives that allied with English against the Pequot tribe(rival)
When: 17th century Significance: Helped the English win the Pequot War and almost wipe out the Pequot tribe |
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Holy Experiment
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What: William Penn's experiment
When: 1680s Significance: Allowed religious freedom in Philadelphia(Brotherly love) and led to no major conflict from the natives. |
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Sir Edmund Andros
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Who: Was an early colonial English governor in North America, and head of the short-lived Dominion of New England.
When: 17th century - early 18th century Significance: He forbid town meetings, all land titles were revoked, set restrictions on the courts, the press, and schools, he taxed people without their consent, he enforced the navigation laws and suppressed smuggling. |
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Cambridge Agreement
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What: A deal over whether the Massachusetts Bay Colony would be under local control, in New England, or under the control of a corporate board in London.
When: 1629 Significance: The Agreement led directly to the foundation of Boston, Massachusetts. The Cambridge Agreement guaranteed that Massachusetts would be a self-governing colony, answerable only to the King. The Colony and the Company were now, for all intents and purposes, one and the same. |
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Church of England (Anglican)
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what: official established church in england
when: 18th century significance: oldest angelican church in england |
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Covenant Theology
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What: constasted with dispensational theology
when: 19th century significance: majority of protestant, favored by the calvins |
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John Locke
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Who: Widely known as the Father of Liberalism, was an English philosopher and physician regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers.
When: 17th century Significance: His work had a great impact upon the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the American Declaration of Independence. |
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Thomas Hooker
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Who: Was a prominent Puritan religious and colonial leader, who founded the Colony of Connecticut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts.
When: 16th-17th century Significance: He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage. Hooker also had a role in creating the "Fundamental Orders of Connecticut", one of the world's first written constitutions. |
