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164 Cards in this Set
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- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Antoni van Leeuwenhoek |
Made/used simple microscopes. |
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Ignaz Semmelweis |
Advocated handwashing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever (childbed fever) in OB patients |
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Joseph Lister |
Used chemical disinfectant and aseptic technique to prevent surgical wound infections |
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Florence Nightingale |
Introduced antisepsis and aseptic technique into nursing practice |
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John Snow |
Pioneer in public hygiene, infection control and epidemiology during a Cholera outbreak |
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Edward Jenner |
Developed vaccinations by inoculating a person with cowpox virus in hopes it would then protect him from small pox. This protection is now called immunity |
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Alexander Fleming |
Discovered first antibiotic from observing the mold penicillium killing staphylococcus |
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Ivanowsky and beijerinck |
Discovery of viruses |
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Beadle and Tatum |
Discovered enzymes are encoded in genes |
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What are enzymes |
Proteins |
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Avery, MacLeod, McCarty |
Discovered genes are contained in DNA |
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Jacob and Monod |
Discovered the role of mRNA in protein synthesis |
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What is genomics |
Study of a micro organisms genes |
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What is microbiology |
The study of organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye known as micro organisms or microbes |
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Carl woese |
Discovered 3 cell groups instead of 2. Bacteria, Archaea, eukaryotes |
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What is germ theory of disease |
Microbes cause disease not "evil spirits" "bad air" or "punishments of the gods" |
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What is spontaneous generation |
Living things can arise from nonliving matter "Vital force" forms life |
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Pathogen |
Specific germ that causes disease |
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Genetic engineering |
Manipulate genes in microbes,plants, and animals for practical applications |
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Bioremediation |
Uses living bacteria, fungi, and algae to detoxify polluted environments |
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Genome sequencing |
The study of the order of genes in a genome |
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Recombinant DNA technology/ genetic engineering |
Manipulates genes in microbes, plants, animals for practical applications. This process is called recombinant DNA, the cell that receives the new DNA is the recombinant cell. |
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Paul Erhlich |
"Magic bullets" this chemical is called Salvarsan to treat syphilis. Was killing syphilis but making people ill. |
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Robert Koch |
A "specific microbe causes a specific disease" Developed experimental steps to prove that bacillus anthracis causes anthrax. |
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Robert Koch |
A "specific microbe causes a specific disease" Developed experimental steps to prove that bacillus anthracis causes anthrax. |
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Koch' postulates |
1. The causative agent must be seen in case of every disease 2. The causative agent must be isolated in pure culture. 3. Inoculating the pure culture into healthy, susceptible animal must produce the same disease. 4. The causative agent must be recovered from the inoculated animal |
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Louis Pasteur |
1. "Swan neck flask" experiment 2. Disproved spontaneous generation 3. Showed microbes are responsible for fermentation 4. Pasteurization 5. Developed germ theory of disease |
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Pasteurization |
Fermentation- microbes are responsible for conversion of sugar to: alcohol or acids Spoiled wine= vinegar •spoiled bacteria could be killed by heat that was not hot enough to spoil the wine= pasteurization |
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Taxonomy |
The science of classifying, naming and identifying organisms |
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Classification |
Grouping of related organisms |
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Identification |
Methods to determine the taxon in which a microbe belongs |
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Nomenclature |
Rules for naming organisms |
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Carlos Linnaeus |
Father of taxonomy |
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Binomial nomenclature rules |
1. Each living organism has two names: genus and species 2. Latin/latinized 3. Genus- always a noun, capitalized, written first 4. Specific epithet- usually adjective, lowercase, written last 5. Two part names must be underlined or italicized |
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List the levels of taxonomy hierarchy |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Describe animalia |
-Multicellular -No cell walls -Obtain nutrients/ energy by ingestion |
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Describe plantae |
-multicellular -cellulose in cell walls -obtain energy by photosynthesis |
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Describe fungi |
-unicellular or multicellular -chitin in cell walls -obtain energy by absorption -develop from spores or hyphal fragments |
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Describe Protista |
- a catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms -unicellular or no cell walls |
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What is an extremophile |
-Prokaryote (archaea) -Requires extreme conditions to live and exist |
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What is a halophile |
-Prokaryote (archaea) -depend on greater than 9% NaCl to maintain integrity of cell walls |
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What is a thermophile |
-Prokaryote (archaea) - DNA, RNA, cytoplasmic membranes and proteins do not function properly below 45c - source of DNA polymerase used in genetic engineering |
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What is a methanogen |
-largest group of archaea -one of primary sources of environmental methane -convert carbon dioxide, hydrogen gas, organic acids to methane gas - convert organic wastes in ponds, lakes, oceans sediments to methane -some live in Colons of animals |
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Carl woese |
Used rRNA sequencing rather than DNA to differentiate organisms into 3 groups |
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What are the main differences in the domains? |
-rRNA sequence -membrane lipid structure -tRNA structure -antibiotic susceptibility |
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What are the 3 domains? |
1. Eukarya 2. Bacteria 3. Archaea |
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Characteristics of eukaroya domain? |
1. Eukaryotes 2. Cell walls (if present) lack peptidoglycan 3. Cell membranes composed of unbranched hydrocarbons |
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Characteristics of Archaea domain? |
1. Prokaryotes 2. Cell walls lack peptidoglycan 3. Cell membranes are made of branches hydrocarbons |
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Characteristics of bacteria domain? |
1. Prokaryotes 2. Cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan 3. Cell walls composed of unbranched hydrocarbons |
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Main differences of Archaea and bacteria and what do they both have? |
Archaea: 1. Prokaryote 2. Cell walls lack peptidoglycan
Bacteria: 1. Prokaryote 2. Cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan |
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What are the 5 methods used by taxonomists to identify and classify micro organisms? |
1. Physical characteristics: size, shape, stain 2. Biochemical tests: enzyme production 3. Serological tests: antigen- antibody reaction 4. Phage typing: bacterial strain is susceptible to particular phage 5. Analysis of nucleic acids: nucleic acid content/ sequence |
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Goals of classification and identification |
-Hierarchal in nature -establishes criteria in identification of microbes -aids in understanding evolution of organisms -organism sorted on basis on degrees of similarities |
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What are the common shapes of prokaryotic cells? |
Cocci, Rods, spirals |
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What are the common shapes of prokaryotic cells? |
Cocci, Rods, spirals |
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Most Bacteria are __________ (One shape) |
Monomorphic |
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What are the common shapes of prokaryotic cells? |
Cocci, Rods, spirals |
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Most Bacteria are __________ (One shape) |
Monomorphic |
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What are the 4 planes a prokaryotic cell can divide into? |
1. Pairs- diplo 2. Chains- divide in one plane 3. Tetras- (4) divide in two planes 4. Clusters- divide in multiple planes |
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Prokaryote vs eukaryotes |
Prokaryote: -lack a membrane around their DNA -No nucleus
Eukaryote: -Have a membrane surrounding DNA -nucleus |
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Prokaryote vs eukaryotes |
Prokaryote: -lack a membrane around their DNA -No nucleus
Eukaryote: -Have a membrane surrounding DNA -nucleus |
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Explain the endosymbiotic theory |
A) eukaryotes were formed from a union of small aerobic prokaryotes within larger anaerobic prokaryotes
B) both cells became dependent on each other - aerobic prokaryotes evolved into mitochondria -similar scenario for origin of chloroplasts |
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Define germination |
Return to vegetative state |
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Define sporulation |
Endospore formation (8-10 hrs) |
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Define endospores |
Produced by bacillus -resting dormant cells -resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
1 cells= 1 spore |
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Functions of plasmids |
Extrachromosomal DNA - non essential |
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Function of ribosomes |
Protein synthesis |
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What is peptidoglycan |
In bacterial cell walls -consists of : repeating disaccharides NAG and NAM -linked by polypeptides - includes amino acids isomer side chains attached to NAM |
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What are the 4 basic arrangements of the flagella? |
Back (Definition) |
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What is the importance of the outer membrane of the gram- negative cell wall? |
-protection from antibiotics, complement, phagocytes -Lipid A is an endotoxin -O-polysaccharides antigen |
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What is lipid A? Location? |
Gram- negative cells walls (Outer membrane)
Lipid A is an endotoxin |
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Function and structure of gram-negative cell walls |
Thin layer of peptidoglycan in periplasmic space - outer membrane composed of : phospholipids , lipoprotein , lipopolysacharides Function of outer membrane: Protection from antibiotics, complement, phagocytes Lipid A is an endotoxin O-polysaccharide antigen |
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Function and structure of plasma membrane (cytoplasmic membrane) |
Also called cytoplasmic membrane
Composed of: phospholipid bilayer and proteins |
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Function and structure of gram positive cell walls |
Thick layer of peptidoglycan
Composed of: teichoic acids 1. Lipoteichoic acid- links to plasma membrane 2. Wall teichoic acid links to peptidoglycan |
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Function and structure of cell wall |
-Complex, semi-rigid structure -promotes osmotic lysis- provides shape - made of: peptidoglycan |
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Function and structure of pili? |
-longer than fimbriae -only one or two per cell Made of: pilin Purpose: used to transfer DNA from one cell to another by conjugation |
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What is the function and structure of fimbria? |
-found in gram- negative bacilli -many short, straight, thin filaments Made of: protein Purpose: allow attachment |
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What is endoflagella? |
Internal flagella -anchored @ one end of a cell -formed bundles spiraling around cell under a sheath called an axial filament -rotation causes cell to move, even in highly vicious, gel like mediums |
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Function and structure of the flagella? |
Found in Bacilli -long, semi-rigid appendages Purpose: motility by rotating flagella (like motorboat propeller) Parts: hollow filament Hook for attachment Basal body: Anchors to the cell wall and membrane |
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Function and structure of the glycocalyx |
-viscous, sticky -gelatinous carbohydrate -made in cell and secreted
Purpose: -protect against drying -Attachment to surfaces -virulence: inhibits phagocytosis |
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Two types of glycocalyx and structure |
1. Capsule: neatly organized, firmly attached to cell wall
2. Slime layer - unorganized and loosely attached to cell wall |
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Metabolism |
-Sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
-Ability of an organism to obtain, convert and utilize energy |
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Metabolism |
-Sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
-Ability of an organism to obtain, convert and utilize energy |
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Metabolic pathway |
-A sequence of chemical reactions in a cell in which the end product becomes the substrate for the next reaction
-enzymatically catalyzed |
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Metabolism |
-Sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
-Ability of an organism to obtain, convert and utilize energy |
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Metabolic pathway |
-A sequence of chemical reactions in a cell in which the end product becomes the substrate for the next reaction
-enzymatically catalyzed |
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Catabolism |
-Breakdown reactions
-Complex molecules to simple -Hydrolytic (use water) -energy-releasing (exergonic) |
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Metabolism |
-Sum of all chemical reactions that take place in an organism
-Ability of an organism to obtain, convert and utilize energy |
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Metabolic pathway |
-A sequence of chemical reactions in a cell in which the end product becomes the substrate for the next reaction
-enzymatically catalyzed |
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Catabolism |
-Breakdown reactions
-Complex molecules to simple -Hydrolytic (use water) -energy-releasing (exergonic) |
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Anabolism |
Synthesis reactions
-simple molecules to complex -Dehydration (produce water) -energy-using (endergonic) |
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What is a holoenzyme |
Complete active enzyme |
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What is a holoenzyme |
Complete active enzyme |
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Components of an enzyme |
Many of enzymes are made of protein alone
Some can be made of: protein portions and non protein portions: -cofactors: inorganic ions -coenzymes: organic molecules |
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What is a holoenzyme |
Complete active enzyme |
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Components of an enzyme |
Many of enzymes are made of protein alone
Some can be made of: protein portions and non protein portions: -cofactors: inorganic ions -coenzymes: organic molecules |
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What is an active site |
Region that interacts with the substrate |
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What are the 4 groups microbes can be categorized based on temperature preference ? |
Psychrophile Mesophile Thermophile Hyperthermophile |
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What are the 4 groups microbes can be categorized based on temperature preference ? |
Psychrophile Mesophile Thermophile Hyperthermophile |
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What is a psychrophile desired temperature |
Below 15c |
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What are the 4 groups microbes can be categorized based on temperature preference ? |
Psychrophile Mesophile Thermophile Hyperthermophile |
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What is a psychrophile desired temperature |
Below 15c |
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What is a mesophile desired temperature |
Between 20c-40c |
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What are the 4 groups microbes can be categorized based on temperature preference ? |
Psychrophile Mesophile Thermophile Hyperthermophile |
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What is a psychrophile desired temperature |
Below 15c |
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What is a mesophile desired temperature |
Between 20c-40c |
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What is a thermophile desired temp |
Higher than 45c |
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What are the 4 groups microbes can be categorized based on temperature preference ? |
Psychrophile Mesophile Thermophile Hyperthermophile |
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What is a psychrophile desired temperature |
Below 15c |
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What is a mesophile desired temperature |
Between 20c-40c |
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What is a thermophile desired temp |
Higher than 45c |
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What is a hyperthermophile desired temp |
Above 80c |
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What is an acidophile |
Prefers pH below 7 |
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What is an acidophile |
Prefers pH below 7 |
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What is a neutrophils |
Prefer pH 7 |
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What is an acidophile |
Prefers pH below 7 |
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What is a neutrophils |
Prefer pH 7 |
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What is alkalinophile |
Perfect pH above 7 |
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What is a halophile |
Tolerates higher salt concentration |
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State the chemical requirements necessary for microbial growth |
Carbon Nitrogen Sulfur Phosphorus |
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What are the two groups categorized by carbon source |
Autotrophs Heterotrophs |
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What is an autotroph |
Those using an inorganic carbon source (carbon dioxide) |
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What is a Heterotroph |
Those catabolizing organic molecules (proteins, carbohydrates, amino acids, or fatty acids) |
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What are the two categories of energy source |
Chemotroph Phototroph |
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What are the two categories of energy source |
Chemotroph Phototroph |
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What is a chemotroph |
Acquire energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals |
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What are the two categories of energy source |
Chemotroph Phototroph |
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What is a chemotroph |
Acquire energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals |
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What are phototrophs |
Use light as energy source |
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What are the 4 toxic forms of oxygen |
1.Singlet oxygen 2. Superoxide free radicals 3. Peroxide anion 4. Hydroxyl radical |
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What are the 4 toxic forms of oxygen |
1.Singlet oxygen 2. Superoxide free radicals 3. Peroxide anion 4. Hydroxyl radical |
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What are the 3 enzymes that can neutralize toxic oxygen |
1.Superoxide dismutase 2.Catalase 3. Peroxidase |
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What is a capnophile |
Requires higher CO2 tension than normally found in the atmosphere |
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What is a Barophile |
Organisms that live under extreme pressure |
Bottom of the ocean |
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What are growth factors |
Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by bacteria
Ex: amino acids, purines, vitamins |
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What is an aerobe |
Must use oxygen and can detoxify it |
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What is an aerobe |
Must use oxygen and can detoxify it |
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What is an anaerobes |
Can not use oxygen nor detoxify it |
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What is facultative anaerobes |
Do not require oxygen but can use and detoxify it |
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What is a microaerophile |
Requires a small amount of oxygen for growth |
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What is a microaerophile |
Requires a small amount of oxygen for growth |
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What is Lyophilization |
Freeze drying Frozen and dehydrated in a vacuum Can last decades |
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What is isotonic |
-External concentration of solutes is equal to cells internal environment -Diffusion of water equal in both directions -no net change in cell volume |
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What is hypotonic |
-External concentration of solutes is lower than a cells internal environment -cells swell and burst |
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What is hypotonic |
-External concentration of solutes is lower than a cells internal environment -cells swell and burst |
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What is hypertonic |
-Environment has higher solute concentration than cells internal environment -cells shrivel (crenate) |
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What is a halophile |
Tolerates higher salt concentrations |
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What is binary fission |
Splitting parent cell to form two similar sized daughter cells to increase number of cells |
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What is binary fission |
Splitting parent cell to form two similar sized daughter cells to increase number of cells |
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What is generation time |
Duration of each division
-determined by type of bacteria -Ex: E.Coli: 20 mins |
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What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth curve |
Lag phase Log phase Stationary phase Death phase |
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What is lag phase |
Acquire cell mass, no reproduction |
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What is lag phase |
Acquire cell mass, no reproduction |
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Log phase |
Exponential growth phase Cells dividing |
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What is lag phase |
Acquire cell mass, no reproduction |
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Log phase |
Exponential growth phase Cells dividing |
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What is stationary phase |
Cells stop growing, cells dividing and dying at the same rate |
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What is death phase |
Cells dying due to lack of nutrients and increased waste products |
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What is basic nutrients |
Designed to grow broad-spectrum microbes |
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What is enriched |
Add enrichment to encourage growth of microbes -blood, growth factors, serum |
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What is selective |
Suppress unwanted microbes and encourage desired microbes to grow -salt, dyes, alcohol |
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What is differential |
To distinguish colonies of different microbes from one another -dyes, pH indications |
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What is Reducing |
Contain chemicals that combine O2 -used for anaerobic cultures |
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What is Reducing |
Contain chemicals that combine O2 -used for anaerobic cultures |
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What is transport |
Maintain and preserve microbes -include atmospheric buffers -prevent drying |
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