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54 Cards in this Set
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The term for all European languages today, whose ancestor's are both of the classical Greeks and Romans
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Indo-European
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A sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory
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City-State
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Latin for "Roman Peace"; the peace enforced by the Roman empire within its' boundaries
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Pax Romana
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The legal system of ancient Rome, which is the basis for modern law
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Roman Law
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Written works by St. Augustine which set the Christian basis for belief in an earthly and divine world
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City of God
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A political system in which one person holds the powers of ruler and of pontiff
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Caesaropapism
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Barbaric Asian group who cut through central Europe and France about 450 under their leader Attila
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Huns
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The branch of Islam that accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors of Muhammad
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Sunni
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The branch of Islam that regards Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors to Muhammad and rejects the first three caliphs.
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Shiite
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A Christian doctrine which is based on two verses in the bible according to which Christ designated Peter as the head of the church, and gave authority to popes.
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Petrine Supremacy
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Dealing the with pope's temporal rule in Rome, it affirmed that the Emperor Constantine had endowed the bishop with the government of the city until the fifteenth century when this was proved a forgery
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Donation of Constantine
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Occurred in 732 when Arabs entered Spain and were stopped by a Christian and Frankish army where the result was Islam turned back into Spanin and allowed people of Western Europe to expand emerging Latin Christian culture
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Battle of Tours
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A member of the ethnic group of Hungary who settled in Danube around the year 900
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Magyars
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Germanic tribes who settled in Russia, Iceland, and America from 864 to the year 1000
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Norse/Vikings
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Divided the Christian world into the Latin or Roman Catholic and the Greek Orthodox Churches which divided the East from the West
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Great Schism
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Involved a peasant village dividing its arable fields into three parts where three different crops were planted one year than switched every year after
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three-field system
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Carrying on some kind of government on a local basis where no organized state exists
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feudalism
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A relationship where the more powerful protects the lesser and assured him justice and firm tenure of his land
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lord/vassal
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A person in a condition of servitude, required serve "a lord", who is attached to the lord's land and transferred with it from one owner to another
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serfdom
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A medieval merchant guild or trade association
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Hanse
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Liberties won by the towns
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Corporate Liberties
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Associations formed by merchants and craftsmen where "masters" supervised the affairs of a specific trade or craft
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Guilds
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A famous case in England in 1215 when a group of English lords and high churchmen, joined by representatives of the city of London, required King John to confirm and guarantee their historic liberties
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Magna Carta
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The three separations of government; royal judiciary, exchequer and military command
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Three Estates
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The national legislature of various countries made up of the House of Lords and the House of Commons
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Parliament/House of Commons
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The upper house of the parliament of Britain composed of the leading clergy and nobles of the country
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House of Lords
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The class below the nobility
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Gentry
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A group of reformers whose purpose was to purify monastic life and to set a higher Christian ideal to which all clergy and laity might aspire
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Cluniac reform
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A practice where a layman, the emperor, conferred upon the new bishop the signs of his spiritual authority the ring and staff which was prohibited by Pope Gregory VII
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Investiture Struggle
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A city in Italy where the emperor Henry IV went to do penance after being excommunicated by the Church
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Canossa
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The Christian theological and philosophical school of the Middle Ages, based on the authority of Aristotle and his followers
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Scholasticism
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A body of individuals interested in learning and endowed by law with a communal name and existence which possessed liberties under some kind of charter
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Universities
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The sacrament of Holy Communion which celebrated the Lord's Supper
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Eucharist
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The changing of the elements of the bread and wine, during the Eucharist, into the body and blood of Christ
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Transubstantiation
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An ancient Greek philosopher who was the teacher of Plato
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Socrates
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An ancient Greek philosopher, who was a student of Socrates and later the teacher of Aristotle who presented his ideas in dramatic plays
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Plato
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An ancient Greek philosopher who was a student of Plato, and teacher of Alexander the Great, who wrote mostly about logic and ethics
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Aristotle
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An ancient Greek historian whose writings about the Persian Wars, are the earliest examples of narrative history
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Herodotus
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An ancient Greek historian and soldier who wrote about the Peloponnesian War, in which he fought, and is known for his ability of reporting events
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Thucydides
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An ancient Greek philosopher who discovered the mathematical principles of reality through the study of musical harmony and geometry. The Pythagorean theorem is named after him.
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Pythagoras
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A ruler of Greece in the fourth century who conquered most of the ancient world, extending the civilization of Greece east to India
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Alexander
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Main basis of Christianity, claimed to be savior of the world; or the author of the Apocryphal book of Ecclesiastics
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Jesus
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Apostle to the Gentiles who is the assumed author of Acts of the Apostles
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Paul
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A Christian saint and philosopher who who wrote the City of God which explained earthly and heavenly worlds, a new concept during his time
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Augustine
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Emperor of Rome who changed the name of the city Byzantium to Constantinople and legalized Christian worship
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Constantine
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Islam prophet who had revelations that led to a devout and uncompromising monotheism which stressed the great power of Allah and the human duty to adhere to God's will
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Muhammad
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King of the Franks who was converted to Christianity around the year 496
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Clovis
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The first crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who was one of the greatest rulers because of his influence of Christianity and on education
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Charlemagne
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Italian monk who founded Benedictine order
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Benedict
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One of the first popes elected, a dynamic and strong-willed man who was pope from 1073 to 1085, who believed that the church should stand apart from worldly society
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Gregory VII
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Pope from 1198 to 1216 who intervened in politics everywhere and was recognized as a supreme arbiter and established the dogma of transubstantiation
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Innocent III
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Archbishop of Canterbury who wrote a treatise called Cur Deus Homo? which translates to "Why Did God Become Man?" which explained why God took human form
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Anselm
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A teacher in Paris who wrote his Sic et Non or "Pro and Con" which was a collection of inconsistent statements made by St. Augustine and other Fathers of the Church whose purpose was to apply logic to religion
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Abelard
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A scholastic who wrote the Summa Theologica which was a survey of all knowledge and thought that faith and reason could not be in conflict and that God was the apex of all of life
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Thomas Aquinas
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