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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
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the systematic study of human society and social interaction |
sociology |
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a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural exceptions |
society |
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the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society |
sociological imaginations |
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nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative,and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income |
high-income countries |
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nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income |
middle-income countries |
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primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income |
low-income countries |
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the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries |
industrialization |
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process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas |
urbanization |
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belief that the world can best be understand through scientific inquiry |
positivism |
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Herbert Spencer's belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out |
social Darwinism |
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Emile Durkheim's terms for patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person
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social facts |
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Emile Durkheim's term for a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society |
anomie |
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set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events |
theory |
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sociological approach that views society as a stable, orderly system |
functionalist perspective |
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functions that are intended and/or overly recognized by the participants in a social unit |
manifest functions |
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unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants |
latent functions |
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the sociological approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources |
conflict perspectives |
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an approach that examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems instead of dynamics in individuals' lives |
macrolevel analysis |
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an approach that focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures |
microlevel analysis |
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the sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups |
symbolic interventionist perspectives |
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the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in contemporary societies that are characteruzed by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications |
postmodern perspectives |
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sociological research methods that are based on the goals of scientific objectivity and that focus on data that can be measured numerically |
quantitative research |
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sociological research methods that use interpretive descriptions (words) rather than statistics (numbers) to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships |
qualitative research |
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a statement of the expected relationship between 2 or more variables |
hypothesis |
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any concept with measurable traits or characteristics that can change or vary from one person, time, situation, or society to another |
variable |
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in an experiment, the variable assumed to be the cause of the relationship between variables |
independent variable |
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in an experiment, the variable assumed to be caused by the independent variable(s) |
dependent variable |
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the extent to which a study or research instrument accurately measures what it is supposed to measure |
validity |
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the extent to which a study or research instrument yields consistent results when applied to different individuals at one time or to the same individuals over time |
reliability |
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specific strategies or techniques for systematically conducting research |
research methods |
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a poll in which the researcher gathers facts or attempts to determine the relationships among facts |
survey |
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a printed research instrument containing a series of items to which subjects respond |
questionnaire |
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a data-collection encounter in which an interviewer asks the respondent questions and records the answers |
interview |
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a research method in which researchers use existing material and analyze data that were originally collected by others |
secondary analysis |
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systematic examination of cultural artifacts or various forms of communication to exacts thematic data and draw conclusions about social life |
content analysis |
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a research method in which researchers collect systematic observations while being part of the activities of the group being studied |
participant observation |
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a detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by researchers who may live with that group over a period of years |
ethnography |
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a carefully designed situation in which the researcher studies the impact of certain variables on subjects' attitudes or behavior |
experiment |
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the group that contains the subjects who are exposed to an independent variable (the experimental condition) to study its effect on them |
experimental group |
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the group that contains the subjects who are not exposed to the independent variable |
control group |
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a relationship that exists when two variables are associated more frequently than could be expected by chance |
correlation |
