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135 Cards in this Set
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Anatomy |
Studies the form and structure of the body |
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Physiology |
Examines how the body functions |
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Microscopic Anatomy |
Examines structures that cannot be seen by an aided eye. Uses a microscope. |
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Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy |
Investigates structures visible to the unaided eye. Specimens dissected for examination |
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Cytology |
Study of body cells and their internal structure |
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Histology |
Study of tissues |
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Systematic Anatomy |
studies anatomy of each functional body system |
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Regional Anatomy |
examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body |
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Surface Anatomy |
focuses on superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures |
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Comparative Anatomy |
examines anatomical similarities and differences in different species |
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Embryology |
studies developmental changes from conception to birth |
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Divisions of microscopic anatomy |
- Cytology - Histology |
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Divisions of gross anatomy |
- Systematic - Regional - Surface - Comparative - Embryology |
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Pathologic Anatomy |
Examines microscopic and macroscopic anatomic changes resulting from disease |
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Radiographic Anatomy |
Investigate internal structures visualized by scanning procedures |
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Diagnostic anatomical procedures |
- Pathologic - Radiographic |
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Types of Physiologists |
Cardiovascular (heart, blood vessels, and blood). Neurophysiology (nerves and nervous system organs). Respiratory physiology (respiratory organs). Reproductive physiology (reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle). Pathophysiology (relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury to the system). |
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Properties of Living Organism |
Organization, Metabolism, Reproduction, Growth and Development, Responsiveness, Regulation |
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Metabolism |
All chemical reactions within the body |
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Organization |
Complex structure and order |
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Anabolism |
Small molecules joined together to form larger ones |
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Catabolism |
Large molecules are broken down into smaller molecules |
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Responsiveness |
Ability to react to stimuli |
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Reproduction |
Produce new cells for growth, maintenance and repair |
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Levels of Organization |
Chemical > Cellular > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism |
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Chemical Level |
Atoms Molecules Macromolecules |
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Atoms |
Smallest unit of matter |
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Molecules |
One or more combined atoms |
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Macromolecules |
More complex molecules Make-Up organelles |
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Cells |
Smallest living structure |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities |
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Connective Tissue |
Protects, supports and binds structures and organs |
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Muscle Tissue |
Produces movement |
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Nervous Tissue |
Conducts nerve impulses |
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Organ Systems of the human body |
Integumentary, skeletal, muscle, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, urinary, digestive, reproductive (male/female) |
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Integumentary system |
Protection Regulates body temperature Synthesizes vitamin D Prevents water loss |
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Skeletal system |
Support and protection Hemopoiesis: blood cell production Provides sites for muscle attachments Stores Ca and K |
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Muscular system |
Produces body movement Generates heat |
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Nervous system |
Regulatory system Controls muscles and some glands Responds to sensory stimuli |
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Endocrine system |
Secrete hormones which relate growth, development and metabolism Maintain homeostasis of blood Control digestive processes Control reproduction |
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Cardiovascular system |
Consists of heart and blood vessels Transports hormones, nutrients, gases and pick up waste |
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Lymphatic system |
Transfers and filters lymph Participates in immune reponse |
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Urinary system |
Filters blood to remove waste Expels waste from body |
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Digestive system |
Mechanically and chemically digests food materials Absorbs nutrients Expels waste products |
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Male reproductive system |
Make sex cells: sperm Male hormones: testosterone |
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Female reproductive system |
Female sex cells: oocytes Female hormones: estrogen and progesterone Site of fertilization, growth/development of embryo and fetus Produces and secretes breast milk |
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Anatomic position |
Add pic!!!! |
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Section |
Actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy |
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Plane |
Imaginary flat surface passing through body |
3 types |
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Coronal plane |
Vertical Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts |
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Transverse plane |
Horizontal Divides the body into superior(top) and inferior (bottom) parts |
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Midsagittal plane |
Vertical Divides the body into equal left and right halves |
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Sagittal |
Parallel to midsagittal Divides structure into unequal portions |
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Oblipue place |
Passes through structure at an angle |
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Anterior |
Front |
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Posterior |
Back |
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Dorsal |
Back side |
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Ventral |
Belly side |
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Superior |
Closer to the head |
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Inferior |
Closer to feet |
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Cranial |
Cephalic At the head end |
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Caudal |
At the trail end |
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Rostral |
Towards the nose or mouth |
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Medial |
Towards the midline of the body |
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Lateral |
Away from the midline of the body |
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Deep |
Inside |
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Superficial |
Outside |
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Proximal |
Close |
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Distal |
Farther away |
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Axial Regional |
Head, neck and truck |
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Appendicular region |
Upper and lower limbs |
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Head |
Cephalic |
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Forehead |
Frontal |
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Eye |
Orbital |
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Cheek |
Buccal |
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Nose |
Nasal |
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Chin |
Mental |
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Mouth |
Oral |
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Armpit |
Axillary |
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Breast |
Mammary |
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Pectoral |
Chest |
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Sternal |
Sternum |
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Hip |
Coxal |
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Groin |
Inguinal |
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Cervical |
Neck |
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Deltoid |
Shoulder |
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Brachial |
Arm |
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Antecubital |
Front of elbow |
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Antebrachial |
Forearm |
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Carpal |
Wrist |
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Palmar |
Palm |
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Femoral |
Thigh |
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Patellar |
Kneecap |
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Popliteal |
Back of knee |
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Crural |
Leg |
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Elbow |
Olecranal |
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Hand |
Manus |
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Calf |
Sural |
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Heal |
Calcaneal |
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Cranial |
Surrounds the brain |
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Back of head |
Occipital |
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Auricular |
Ear |
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Spinal column |
Vertebral |
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Lumbar |
Lower back |
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Perineal |
Anus |
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Buttocks |
Gluteal |
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Posterior aspect |
Completely encased in bone |
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Cranial cavity |
Houses the brain Corned by bones of the cranium |
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Vertebral canal |
Houses the spinal cord Formed by bones of the vertebral column |
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Ventral cavity |
Larger Does not completely encase organs in bone Lined with serous membrane |
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Parietal layer |
Layer of serous membrane Lines internal surface of body wall |
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Visceral layer |
Layer of serous membrane Covers external surface of organs |
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Serous cavity |
Space between membranes |
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Serous fluid |
Liquid secreted by cells in serous membrane Lubricates |
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Pleural cavities: |
Surrounds each lung Mediastinum: median space in thoracic cavity Pericardial cavity: encloses heart |
Thoracic cavity |
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Pericardium |
Two layered serous membrane |
Thoracic cavity |
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Parietal pericardium |
Outer layer Forms a sac around heart |
Thoracic cavity |
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Visceral pericardium |
Forms external surface of heart |
Thoracic cavity |
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Pleura |
Two-layered serous membrane associated with the lungs |
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Parietal pleura |
Outer layer lines internal surface of thoracic wall |
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Visceral pleura |
Inner Layer covers external surface of lungs |
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Abdominal cavity |
Contains digestive organs |
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Pelvic cavity |
Contains internal reproductive organs and urinary bladder |
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Parietal peritoneum |
Outer layer Lines the internal walls of the abdominopelvic cavity |
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Visceral peritoneum |
Inner Layer Covers the external surface of most abdominal and pelvic organs |
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Peritoneal cavity |
Space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid |
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Homeostasis |
Ability to maintain consistent internal environment .. or Steady state in response to changing internal/external conditions |
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Three components of homeostasis |
Receptor Control Center Effector |
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Receptor |
Detects changes in variable |
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Control center |
Interprets input from receptor and initiates changes through Effector |
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Effector |
Brings about the change to alter stimulus |
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Negative Feedback |
Controls most processes in the body Homeostatic control responds to move variable in opposite direction to bring it into normal range Body temp |
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Positive Feedback |
Stimulus reinforced to continue moving variable in same direction until climatic event occurs, then body returns to homeostatis Breastfeeding |
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Diagnosis |
Specific cause of homeostatic imbalance |
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Scientific Method |
Observation Hypothesis Experiment and test hypothesis Determine if data supports hypothesis or rejeft/modify it |
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